Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख

Bhishma Kukreti · June 07, 2018, 12:06:51 PM

Birth Death Ratio in British Garhwal
British Administration in Garhwal -289
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -309
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1143
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There was no record keeping system about birth and death before 1864.
The record up to 1880 reveals that the death rate was 20 on 1000.
The death rate 1880-85 was 30 on 1000.
In 1880-85the birth rate dropped from 40 on 1000 to 30 on 1000.
In 1882, the deaths were 5943 more than births.
In 1895, deaths were 523 more than births. The deaths were more than other periods in cholera or feminine years. In feminine, people used to take rotted food and invited cholera by default. In 1879 and 1882, there was feminine in those years and number of death by cholera in 1879 were 3473 and in 1882, deaths by cholera were 5943.
In 1892, deaths were more than births. From 1890-1896, there was nominal population increase.

References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 23/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1144
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of Gangasalan Garhwal; History of Mallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal , Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

Bhishma Kukreti · June 07, 2018, 12:14:50 PM

Untimely Deaths in British Garhwal
British Administration in Garhwal -290
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -310
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1144
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Becket divided deaths into two part- untimely deaths and deaths by diseases. Since, Garhwal is hill region, accidental deaths are not uncommon. Becket offered following data about untimely deaths in Garhwal from 1850-1863 as follows-
Reason of Deaths ------------Males------------------Females
Suicides ------------------------ 47---------------------134
Murders --------------------------29----------------------17
Killed by wild animals----------155-----------------------121
Sinking into water--------------- 187-----------------------176
Fallen from trees and hill tops---285----------------------183
Other reasons-------------------------171---------------------123
Suicides by women were due to bad naming. In many cases, the women morders were shown /called as suicides too.

References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 24/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1145
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of Gangasalan Garhwal; History of Mallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal , Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

Bhishma Kukreti · June 07, 2018, 12:26:48 PM

Year wise -Disease wise Deaths in British Garhwal
British Administration in Garhwal -291
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -311
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1145

There is following Government report on year wise disease wise deaths in Garhwal from 1867-1906 (Garhwal gazetteer)-

Year-----Cholera -----S. pox--------Fever------Indigestion-----Injury—Misc.----Total
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1867-------351-------------47------------1722----------------------------------2038-------4138
68-----------20--------------8-------------1650-----------------------------------2915--------4602
69----------------------------2--------------1992---------1237-------------------1282------4513
70------------6--------------1---------------2134---------------------------------2673-------4820
71----------------------------6---------------255----------2071--------208-------563-------5414
72--------------------------74---------------2356--------2576---------288------563--------5856
73------------27------------28--------------2865--------2207--------------------713-------6201
74----------------------------31--------------3069-------2027----------393-----580-------6070
75------------587----------167--------------2269-------2376-----------262------639------6640
76--------------------------------------------3246--------2500-----------257------560------6513
77--------------------------------------------2719---------2042----------248-------753---->5000
78----------17----------------14-------------3214--------3143----------296--------403--->-7000
79-----------3473------------6---------------2743-------1712----------225--------342--- > 8000
80----------------------------------------------3935--------2384-------344---------247------ >6900
81--------------659------------2---------------3474--------2796-------244--------350---------7525
82------------------------------2----------------4046--------3331-----238---------294---------7921
83-----------------------------9---------------3683----------3824------243---------370---------8129
84---------------------------11----------------3722----------3118-------210-------165--------7226
85-------------33----------5------------------4100-----------3611--------219-----186--------8254
86---------------------------1------------------3835-----------2991--------232-----136-------7195
87------------567----------2------------------4759-----------3925--------200------219-------9211
88-------------3-------------17---------------4779-----------3982----------227-----203-------9211
89-------------109----------1-----------------4656-----------3610---------229------175------8780
90---------------620--------1-----------------6123------------3276---------224-----175------10419
91--------------66-----------13---------------6977------------3232--------236--------189----10713
92------------5943-----------3---------------8966-------------3108--------242-------224-----18481
93------------1525----------13--------------5447--------------3099--------203-------213-----10500
94-------------10-----------124--------------7691--------------4119-------242--------328-----12514
95----------------------------13----------------8845------------3970--------240--------309----13377
96--------------1033----------------------------9987-----------3632
97-------------------------------------------------9687-----------3632
98-------------40-----------------------------------6821---------------2824
99------------659------------------------------------6636-------------3587
1900----------107-----------------------------------5603---------------3132
01-------------129-----------------------------------6012---------------3034
02--------------806-----------------------------------6294---------------3494
03-------------4017------------------------------------7264--------------4309
04---------------188-----------------------------------7194---------------3458
05-------------------------------------------------------8184---------------4897
06-----------------3429---------------------------------6648----------------3941
07------------------2--------------------------------------7382--------------4064
08------------------2924---------------------------------9625---------------3601
09--------------------1736---------------------------------7259--------------2963

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References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 27/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1146
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of Gangasalan Garhwal; History of Mallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal , Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

Bhishma Kukreti · June 07, 2018, 12:29:25 PM

Non-Government Hospitals in British Garhwal
British Administration in Garhwal -292
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -312
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1146

Beside, government controlled 'Sadvrata' hospitals and government hospitals, Ayurveda doctors (Purohit or Brahmins) used to offer medical aids to villagers. Villagers used to visit famous Ayurveda doctors from far.
Baba Kali Kamli Wale trust also started distributing Ayurveda medicines in its Dharmshalas. Baba Kamli Vale trust used to produce Ayurveda medicines in Swargashram and Rishikesh.
Mission Hospitals

Christian Missionary contributed in offering medical aids in Garhwal too. Father J.M. Maismore built a hospital building in Chopra in 1903. A Garhwali Christian Doctor Thompson was in charge of Mission Hospital Chopra. E. Thompson got appreciations for his remarkable services even for far regions.
Mission authorities handed over charge of Mission Hospital Chopra to an American doctor Miss Austin Harfmann in 1912. Miss Harfmann worked there till 1918. Miss Harfmann worked very hard and was always busy in serving patients. Village women from far areas also started to visit Chopra Mission Hospital.

References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 29/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1147
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of Gangasalan Garhwal; History of Mallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal , Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

Bhishma Kukreti · June 07, 2018, 12:34:25 PM

Government Hospitals in British Garhwal
British Administration in Garhwal -293
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -313
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1147

Trail Started hospitals on Pilgrim roads by Sadvrat Funding. By 1907, there were Sadavrat funded hospitals in Badrinath, Shrinagar, Ukhimath, Chamoli, Karnaprayag and Kandi. Government opened hospital in Kandi in 1907 and was the biggest Hospital. There was Deputy Surgeon in Knadi. Other Kandi Hospital staffs were under surgeon. The hospitals were more as dispensary where doctors or compounder used to check patients and used to distribute medicines free. Hospitals used to offer food free to pilgrims. Sadavrat dispensaries were at the distance that pilgrims had to reach there by second or third padav (days) from one dispensary to other. District board opened hospitals in Pauri, Banghat, Kotdwara and Bironkhal. There was a moving dispensary too.
Expenses on Health Care from 1890-1909
The government spent on health care following money(in Rs.) from 1890-1909-

Year -------Rs.------------Year -----------------Rs.--------------------Year -----------Rs.
1890- 91- 1176-----------1891-92------------1121--------------------1892-93------2990
1893-94----2939-----------1892-93-----------2516---------------------95-96--------2716
96-97--------2721------------97-98------------4385---------------------98-99---------3145
99-1990------3391---------1900-01-----------3413----------------------01-02---------3645
02—03-------4191---------03-04--------------4345---------------------04-05-----------3923
05-06-----------5362---------06-07------------9760---------------------07-08----------11615
08-09-----------12565

References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 30/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1148
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of Gangasalan Garhwal; History of Mallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal , Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

Bhishma Kukreti · June 07, 2018, 12:37:50 PM

Cash Currency Economy in British Garhwal
British Administration in Garhwal -295
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -315
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1149
By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

Before British came to Garhwal, the transaction system was 'barter system'. Garhwalis and even businessmen were not using cash for business transaction. After British coming to Uttarakhand, slowly, cash transaction replaced barter system. However, in rural Garhwal, the barter system remained same till around1865. Even in Bhotia business with Tibet used to run on 'barter system'. After 1866, the cash transaction started spreading fast in rural Garhwal.
In 1883, Colonel Fisher (Atkinson, vol.3 page 261) wrote, if we analyze the fixed assets on cash medium, Garhwalis are below poverty level. However, Garhwalis get full food from their farms. Garhwalis complete their needs of clothing by producing hemp dresses and woolen dresses by producing hemp and nurturing sheep. For salt, Garhwalis use their produced grains or crafts. Garhwalis build their houses by cooperative methods. Garhwalis need cash for paying tax or in marriage time. After education widening, Garhwali farmers will need cash"
Till 1883, British government did not take proper step for developing poor development regions. Those did not have agriculture land they used to migrate where they could get land under Jamindar /Thokdar as Khaikar or Sirtan. Many Thokdar used to get barren land from government and used to ffer that land to others by making them Khaikar or Sirtan. That was away of developing under developed region.
Population effected on inflation. The grain consumer prices reached double the cost in 1892 against 1862. By 1895, Garhwal was no more grain eporter but grain importer and for grain people required cash.

References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 1/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1150
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of Gangasalan Garhwal; History of Mallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal , Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

Bhishma Kukreti · June 07, 2018, 12:39:36 PM

Occupation Losses in British Garhwal
British Administration in Garhwal -296
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -316
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1150

By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

By half century after British rule started, many people lost their family or individual occupations. Import of cheaper metal items affected adversely on traditional mines and mines occupants. British administration never paid attention on mines of Garhwal. There was ample water resources in Garhwal but government never care for irrigation in Garhwal.
Government was ready for spending money on importing grains and people were ready for importing grains in drought. However, neither government nor people were ready for spending on irrigation canal network. Garhwalis were then forced for importing grains and migrating elsewhere in Indian plains.
There were 400 permanent workers and 600 seasonal workers in tea estates. The Dotiyal were for hard working jobs and not Garhwalis. The total expenditure on tea estates was annually Rs.38000 around1880. However after 1880, there was decline in Tea industry of Garhwal and on later stage the industry was closed.
There was decline in local village hemp and hill-cotton industry due to import of new cotton dresses. Many traditional craft workers lost jobs.

References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 2/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1151
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of Gangasalan Garhwal; History of Mallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal , Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

Bhishma Kukreti · June 07, 2018, 12:43:22 PM

Miscellaneous Income Sources in British Garhwal
British Administration in Garhwal -297
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -317
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1151

By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

After a half century from British rule started, Garhwalis started getting stable and new types of income that never heard before.
In 1868, British administration established forest division in Garhwal. Garhwalis got jobs in the department and got new source of income. In 1879, British government opened Ganga (forest) division. There was rupees one and quarter lakhs expenditure on both the divisions. The forest resource was so much in Garhwal that it was enough for Garhwalis for living satisfactory on forest incomes. However, due to contract system, Garhwalis got only a little portion of wealth and government and contractors got major share of cake. Pow estimated in 1894, that Garhwalis were getting only half lakhs rupees from forest income. Contractors were paying more than that to labor. The labor working on forest road construction, forest cutting etc was getting four ana daily. People of Malla Salan and Talla Salan were getting more benefits from forest cutting jobs. The people of Malla and Talla Salan were building new houses by that new income. The daily wage for labor on road construction was only two and half ana. an average, one member from each family from three Salans used to leave his village after rainy season for getting jobs in forest and worked for six months. They used to spend that income on grains and other articles. There were 6788 workers in Bhabhar and Lansdowne forests.
In 1894, the income of soldiers and officers of Lansdowne military camp was around rupees one lakh. That income was of Garhwalis army men and it was improving economic condition in Garhwal. Rajputs of North Garhwal were more beneficiary as government preferred them in military. Nearby areas people of Lansdowne were supplying necessary items to military camp and getting new income.
However, Garhwalis were getting more income for jobs in plains. Garhwalis working in plains sent money orders into Garhwal for Rupees one and half lakhs from July 1895-June 1896. The money order amounts sent from Kotdwara and Lansdowne post offices was additional amount.

Income from Pilgrimage

Paw estimated that in 1894, the income from pilgrims for Garhwal was not less than rupees five lakh. However, major expenditure from that money was for importing grains from plains. Walton in 1910, wrote," On an average, annually, fifty –sixty thousand pilgrims visit to Garhwal and they travel in Garhwal at least for a month. Wheat flour was available for half rupee per ser. It means that a pilgrim cannot buy grains within Rs. ten in Garhwal.Pilgrims had to spend money on vegetables, pulses, milk, fuel etc at Chattis. Villagers sell those items costly. Rich pilgrims travel by Pinus. For a Pinus, it requires for men. Each person get thirty rupees in a month. A carrying man carries a person through Kandi. Kandi man used to get forty rupees a month. The loader carrying goods used to get rupees twenty five per month. Pilgrims pay for food of carriers. Pilgrims pay tributes to temples and pay to pandas and other priests. By all calculations, pilgrims spent at least Rupees five lakh. (Garhwal Gazetteer).
. The salary for soldiers was Rs 430000. Other expenditure was rupees five lakh (miscellaneous purchase etc).
Thousands of Garhwalis were now visiting Bhabhar for labor job. The wage was four to six ana per day for labor in Bhabhar.
Garhwalis had craze for working in plains. By 1910, Garhwalis started entry in U.P. police and Burma Military police too. Hundreds of Garhwalis getting jobs in Survey of India too and were visiting from Baluchistan to Darzaling etc.
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British Garhwal from Poverty to Prosperity

Garhwal was facing problems of population increase and it was creating pressure on traditional resources. However, brave Garhwalis took the challenge in positive ways and found solution by opting taking jobs outside Garhwal. Garhwalis were dependent on agriculture but were using other resources related to agriculture as forest produces, live stocks, crafts etc. In past farmers were selling wheat for paying tax but now, cash was available with them and were not selling wheat but started making main food course. Garhwalis started making new style houses and they had competition in building new type of houses among themselves. Many converted old houses as cow yard and built new houses in other places at village.
Atkinson offered data for daily food consumption by Garhwalis –
Daily food expenses of lowest income group person-
Half ser (less than a keelo) on Koda or finger millet – 4 pai
Half ser Jhangora or banyan millet – 4 pai
Vegetables, pulse, oil, salt, spices and fuel- 7 pai
Total 15 pai or 5 paise.
The more prosperious family were taking red wheat flour and rice too along with millets. Their daily food expenses was estimated two ana per day. More prosperous families were taking ghee, milk too. Their daily food expenses were estimated for 3.75 ana.
The monthly income estimation of different labor was as follows in Rs. –
Types of labor monthly income ------------1850----------------1880
Common labor--------------------------------3.5to 4---------------4 to 5
Iron smith --------------------------------------6 to 8---------------10 to 14
Builders and Carpenter------------------------6 to 8 -------------8 to12
Since, there was no sufficient income source in villages Garhwalis started taking jobs outside of Garhwal and country. Garhwali never needed loan for seeds. There is still believe that by eating seeds, there would be poverty in the family. Therefore, even in drought or feminine Garhwalis hesitated eating seeds saved for next cropping as was a practice for taking loan by farmers for seeds. The Garhwalis would suffer three day fast in feminine but would never like eating seeds stored for new crops. Garhwalis were always conscious about caring for domestic animals even in feminine time.
No doubt due to Garhwalis not working for hard works in rod construction and tea estates, many writers called Garhwalis as sluggish community too. However, same writers praised Garhwalis and Kumaonis for hard works in their villages, military and other jobs too. This is right today too that Garhwalis never liked forcefully works or jobs.

Government set up a committee for knowing economic condition of the state in 1888. Surveyor roamed in Garhwal and Kumaon. Colonel Pitcher wrote in his report, "I got opportunity for visiting Garhwal and Kumaon. I think, from the seasonal diversity and adversity of hills, I can say that the farmers of other hill regions don't live so prosperously as farmers of Kumaon and Garhwal live. There are no beggars and so poor people. The millets Kumaon farmers eat is available at forty Ser (just less than a kilo) per rupee. One Ser grain is enough for a healthy person. The forest produces as fruits, vegetables and spices are available and are sufficient for six months. However, they don't collect such forest produces. If a person works for a day, it was enough for him for ten days food. They go in three for carrying gods weighing 20 to 30 ser. They distribute that wage among themselves. They would like to return to their houses in night and don't like staying out of their houses. They don't care much for profit."
No doubt, the above reporter was outsider and he never knew that if hill men of Garhwalis would have been lazy they would have not built such Pkka Ghar or buildings within shortest period and even shilpkar built pakka houses. Garhwalis had been very hard workers but never liked forced job.

References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 3/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1152
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of Gangasalan Garhwal; History of Mallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal , Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

Bhishma Kukreti · June 07, 2018, 12:49:20 PM

Crimes and Selling Women in British Garhwal
British Administration in Garhwal -298
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -318
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1152

By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

The crimes as theft, looting, murders were less in hills. Crimes related to women were more. However, in most of time, the people settled the disputes among themselves. Wives of Army men fleeing with other man was also there. The army men used to take money for the other man and he did not have another alternate.

Prostitution in Cities

There was sizable prostitute population in Shrinagar, Pauri, Dogadda and Kotdwara. There was increase in prostitute population with urban population increase too. aprart from girls from Nayak, Pajain communities, the girls from Mirasi, Auji, Badi, Hudkya communites were opting the profession without any social fear.

Women Traders
Many antisocial elements came in the field of selling women. Those elements used to lure the girls or women and took them to cities as Rishikesh, Haridwar and Nazibabad and other cities. Udaipur Patti was more defamed Patti for selling women to Haridwar. As per report of Enquiry into the condition of Lower Classes, there used to be minimum yearly women trafficking to plains from Udaipur Patti.
The traders used to play drama by marriage ceremony of the sold woman with the purchaser. by that act, the law could not harm the traders. Traders used to take those girls to Delhi, Karachi, Mumbai, Lahore and other cities. Bhatias of Mumbai used to buy those girls (by deceptive marriage) and used to sell for maidservants and prostitution.
By 1913, that antisocial problem reached on peak. a few Muslims of Haridwar took another ways for deceiving people of Garhwal especially Udaipur. Those Muslims changed their name and also changed dress as Pitamabri Dhoti, Chandan on forehead, Janeu etc and marry with Garhwali girls or took other deceptive methods for taking those girls to Haridwar. As soon as those girls reached Haridwar they used sell those girls.
Many Garhwalis also choose the women trading activities and 'Garhwali' weekly published many of such stories. Garhwali weekly (November1913, December 1913, January 1914, February 1914) . Garhwali weekly mentioned those traders' group name as Nainu, Hansraj, Bhartu. Chandan Singh Bisht accepted and told the story that he had trade relation with Bhatias of Mumbai for selling girl for Mumbai.
Many Thakurs used to sell( by marriage drama) their daughters to Gorkha of Dehradun. Those Gorkha already were engaged selling their girls to Mumbai traders. The prostitute agents used to buy (through marriage dramas) girls from Jaunsar, Jaunpur regions too.

Garhwali Weekly ( July 1913) published a horrifying story of girl 'Mauli' being sold and resold. The story stirred Garhwal. Social workers started public awareness activities. However, after some time, social workers stopped working. The women trade was as usual for many decades.
Garhwali Weekly also published report of a pimp Ramawati wife of Gangumal of Nandprayag engaged in women trafficking.

References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 5/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1153
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
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(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of Gangasalan Garhwal; History of Mallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal , Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

Bhishma Kukreti · June 08, 2018, 07:54:36 AM

शिग्रु /ड्रमस्टिक वनीकरण द्वारा मेडिकल टूरिज्म विकास

Drumstick Forestation in Uttarakhand
(केन्द्रीय व प्रांतीय वन अधिनियम व वन जन्तु रक्षा अधिनियम परिवर्तन के उपरान्त ही सार्थक )
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सार्वजनिक औषधि पादप वनीकरण -11

Community Medical Plant Forestation -11

उत्तराखंड में मेडिकल टूरिज्म विकास विपणन ( रणनीति ) 113

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Medical Tourism Development in Uttarakhand ( Strategies ) - 113

(Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Management in Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar series-- 216)
उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन -भाग 21

लेखक : भीष्म कुकरेती (विपणन व बिक्री प्रबंधन विशेषज्ञ )

लैटिन नाम Moringa oelifera
संस्कृत - शिग्रु
मराठी -शेवगा , सींग
पादप वर्णन
वास्तव में ड्रमस्टिक का जन्म उप हिमालयी भूभाग में हुआ था और अमृत तुल्य वनस्पति होने के कारण अब समस्त भारत ही नहीं अन्य देशों में भी उगाया जाता है। आश्चर्य है उत्तराखंड व हिमाचल में इस अमृत तुल्य वृक्ष की अवहेलना होती जा रही है। ड्रमस्टिक एक मध्यम ऊंचाई याने 10 -12 मीटर ऊंचाई व तने की गोलाई 45 cm वाला वृक्ष है। अमृत तुल्य ड्रमस्टिक की टांटी /pod लम्बा व एक -दो सेंटीमीटर गोलाई की होती हैं। टांटी की सूखी संब्जी व दाल , साम्भर में डाला जाता है। कई भोज्य पदार्थों में भी डाला जाता है। स्वाद कडुआ होता है किन्तु अमृत तुल्य वृक्ष माना जाता है।
औषधि उपयोग -
ड्रमस्टिक के अंगों का औषधीय उपयोग
पत्तियां
तना
छाल
फूल
फल
बीज
ड्रमस्टिक ऐंटीऑक्सीडेंट होने के कारण कई सरने वाली /फैलने वाली बीमारियों की रोकथाम में उपयोगी
हाइपर टेंसन व हृदय रोग में उपयोगी औषधि उपयोग
वीर्य , शुक्राणु व शुक्राणु प्रजनन शक्ति वृद्धि हेतु फलों से औषधि
जलन कम करने हेतु पत्तियों , बीजों व टांटीयों /फली से औषधियां
गठिया , वातरोग आदि हेतु औषधियां
कैल्सियम होने के कारण दांत सुरक्षा हेतु उपयोग
कलेस्ट्रॉल कम करता है
आर्सेनिक टॉक्सिक कम करने में उपयोगी
पत्तियों के पेस्ट लगाने से त्वचा चमक बढ़ती है
पत्तियों को सर पर रगड़कर सरदर्द , अध कपाळी कम होता है
घावों , नासूर में उपयोगी
ड्रमस्टिक की पत्तियों की चाय गैस्ट्रिक व अल्सर रोग उपचार
बीज भूषि त्वचा रोग हेतु
स्वास रोग में उत्तम औषधि
त्वचा की कई बीमारियों हेतु औषधि
(कृपया अपने आप वैद न बने व डाक्टर की सलाह अवश्य लं )

जलवायु आवश्यकता - उप हिमालय व मैदानी जलवायु , उप हिमालय याने दक्षिण उत्तराखंड में कहीं भी उग सकता है
भूमि
बलुई , दुम्मट व पथरीली भी , रगड़ को पुनर्जीवित हेतु उत्तम पादप , किनारे जहां कुछ मिटटी हो वहांव सिचाई हेतु जमीन में नीचे पानी रोपित किया जाना चाहिए।

फल तोड़ने का समय -नई जाती हर समय फल देती है।
बीज बोन का समय - मई जून में नरसरी में व साधारण भूमि में व मानसून , बलुई मिट्टी में बोते हैं। आठ दस दिन में अंकुर। एक हेक्टेयर में 800 ग्राम बीजों की आवश्यकता
रोपण का समय - मानसून , बीज अंकुरित होने के 30 -35 दिन बाद रोपण। पानी व खाद आवश्यक हैं
कलम द्वारा भी मानसून में रोपण होता है , एक हेक्टेयर में 1500 पेड़ लग सकते हैं
खाद आवश्यकता -गोबर
सिंचाई आवश्यकता - सामन्य
वयस्कता समय-शीघ्र , प्रूनिंग , कटाई , छंटाई आवश्यक
वनों में सीधी बीज छिड़क कर भी वनीकरण सम्भव है।

विशेषज्ञों की राय आवश्यक है

आईये राजनीतिज्ञों , अधिकारियों पर वन अधिनियम परिवर्तन हेतु दबाब बनाएँ ! सर्वप्रथम बन्दर , सूअर व अदूरदर्शिता भगाए जायं !
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 8/6 //2018
संदर्भ

1 -भीष्म कुकरेती, 2006 -2007 , उत्तरांचल में पर्यटन विपणन परिकल्पना , शैलवाणी (150 अंकों में ) , कोटद्वार , गढ़वाल
2 - भीष्म कुकरेती , 2013 उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन , इंटरनेट श्रृंखला जारी
3 - रामनाथ वैद्य ,2016 वनौषधि -शतक , सर्व सेवा संघ बनारस
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Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Haridwar Garhwal Uttarakhand ;
Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Champawat Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Kumaon Uttarakhand ;

Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Pauri Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Chmoli Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Rudraprayag Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Uttarkashi Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Dehradun Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Nainital Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Almora Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Champawat Kumaon Uttarakhand ;
Medicinal Plants plantation in Pithoragarh Uttarakhand