Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख

[Bhishma Kukreti]

कदम्ब  वृक्ष वनीकरण

Kadamb /Cadamb Plantation in Uttarakhand

(केन्द्रीय व प्रांतीय वन अधिनियम व वन जन्तु रक्षा अधिनियम परिवर्तन के उपरान्त ही सार्थकअन्यथा यह लेख निरर्थक है )
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  सार्वजनिक औषधि पादप वनीकरण -10


Community Medical Plant Forestation -10

उत्तराखंड में मेडिकल टूरिज्म विकास विपणन ( रणनीति  )  112

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  Medical Tourism Development in Uttarakhand  (  Strategies  )  - 112                 

(Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Management in  Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar series--215 
    उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन -भाग 215


    लेखक : भीष्म कुकरेती  (विपणन व बिक्री प्रबंधन विशेषज्ञ )

  लैटिन नाम - Nollamrckia cadamba
संस्कृत नाम -हरि  प्रिया
पादप वर्णन
कदम्ब 40 -45 मीटर ऊंचा पेड़ होता है शाखाओं से छतरी बनती है जो छाँव देने का काम करता है। कदम्ब के फूल का गुच्छा नारंगी रंग के होते हैं और एक गुच्छे से छोटे छोटे 8000  बीज पैदा हो सकते हैं।  बीज हवा या वर्षा से विकर्ण होते हैं
औषधि उपयोग
फल , छाल , बीज , जड़े सभी औषधि निर्माण में उपयोगी
कदंब पत्तियों के पेस्ट को घाव भरने हेतु उपयोग
छाल पेस्ट  से घाव धोये जाते हैं। अल्सर आदि में गरारा में उपयोग
कदम्ब की औषधि उलटी , छरक लगने /दस्त , की औषधि में उपयोगी।
मूत्र  रोग में उपयोगी औषधि
बुखार हेतु औषधि
फल रस माहवारी ठीक करने में व दूध वृद्धि हेतु उपयोग
अधिक पसीने की रोकथाम में उपयोग
खेतों के काटने पर दर्द व खज्जी भगाने में औषधि उपयोग
पिम्पल।  फोड़े , काले धब्बे दूर करने हेतु छाल पेस्ट उपयोग



धार्मिक उपयोग
भारत में कदम्ब एक पूज्य पेड़ माना जाता है और कई अनुष्ठानो में उपयोग होता है
आर्थिक उपयोग -लकड़ी मंहगी होती है कागज व प्लाईवुड निर्माण में उपयोगी
जलवायु आवश्यकता - मैदानी भूभाग व हिमालय में 3 000 फ़ीट ऊंचाई से निचे तक  पाया जाता है जहां 1500 mm  तक वारिश होती है जैसे आसाम , दार्जिंलिंग आदि । कदम्ब 200 mm वार्षिक वर्षा में भू उगता है गलता है।  धूप  आवश्यक है है।
भूमि  - बलुई , दुम्मट , भुरभुरी खिन खिन पथरीली भी

फल तोड़ने का समय  - सितंबर -दिसंबर  में पेड़ों में चढ़कर या शाखाएं हिलाकर फल तोड़े जाते हैं।  फलों को तीन चार दिन तकसड़ने  छोड़ दिया जाता है।  फिर बीजयुक्त गूदे को पानी में मिलाया जाता है व बीज तलछट में जमा हो जाते हैं . बीजों को सुखाया जाता है। फल को काटकर सुखाकर भी बीज एकत्रित  किये  जाते हैं। बीज छाया में सुखाये जाते हैं और 9 महीनों तक रखे जा सकते हैं।
बीज बोन का समय -
फरवरी म सही स्थान हीना  ,
मिट्टी मिले बालू की पट्टियों में बोये जाते हैं किन्तु ध्यान रखना होता है कि नीचे न दबें।  छाया ही उत्तम होती हैं।  खुले में अंकुरण कठिन ही होता है। धूप में अंकुर मर जाते हैं। अंकुर धूप व पानी नहीं सह सकते हैं। छाया हेतु पराळ  से बने पल्ल सही हैं। पानी बारीक छलनी से देना श्रेयकर। अंकुरण के बाद पल्ल उठा लिया जाता है।  अंकुरण में तीन सप्ताह लगते हैं और अंकुरण का प्रतिशत 60 -9 0 % होता है।
अंकुरित पौधों को पॉलीथिन बैग की मिट्टी में रोपा जा सकता है। अंकुरों को भी छाया चाहिए।  30 -50 सेंटीमीटर के बाद फिर से रोपण किया जाता है।
रोपण वरसात में होता है
कलम रोपण का समय - मानसून
खाद आवश्यकता -गोबर व फंगस निरोधी दवा
सिंचाई आवश्यकता - समय समय पर अधिक पानी नहीं जमना चाहिए
वयस्कता समय- 5 - 6 वर्ष में फूल आने लगता है।
गदन या नदी तट जहां बालू हो वह सही स्थान
पेस्ट कंट्रोल आवश्यक है।
विशेषज्ञों की  राय आवश्यक है

आईये राजनेताओं व अधिकारियों की नींद जगाएं - बंदर भगाओ , सुंगर भगाओ व वन कानून बदलो !
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti  7 /6  //2018

[Bhishma Kukreti]

      गुप्त काल में स्त्रियां
Women in   Gupta Era in context History of Haridwar,  Bijnor,   Saharanpur
                   
                         
    हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 230                 


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

  अभिलेखों व मुद्राओं से स्त्रियों की दशा का अनुमान नहीं लगता है किन्तु तत्कालीन   कला व साहित्य से गुप्त काल में स्त्रियों की दशा का पता चलता है।
पुत्री  पिता की प्रॉपर्टी पर अधिकार होता था। पुनर्विवाह होते थे।  सामन्य जन में सती प्रथा प्रचलित नहीं थी। स्त्रियों को वेद पठन मान्य न था।
  लड़किया पढ़ती थीं व साहित्य भी रचतीं थीं। कुछ हद तक थी व वे मेकअप पसंद  करती थीं (अजंता कला )
  पति को देवता माना जाता था।
  वैश्याओं का सम्मान था।  मंदिरों में देवदासी प्रचलन था।
       





Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India  2018

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --

हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -


      Ancient  History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;   Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;  Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;   Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;      History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Bijnor;   seohara , Bijnor History Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;    Ancient History of Saharanpur;   Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur;    Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;     Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;   Ancient Saharanpur History,     Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;ससेवहारा  बिजनौर , बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास; देवबंद सहारनपुर इतिहास , बेहत सहारनपुर इतिहास , नकुर सहरानपुर इतिहास Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas

[Bhishma Kukreti]

           Gadoli Girl School in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -281
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -301
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1135
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
                Government and Christian Missionary did appreciable works in promoting girls education in Garhwal.
           Around 1896, Missionary opened a gril or coeducation school in Gadoli near Chopra. Mission appointed an American Mis Kayal as manager for the school. Miss Insigne Gill was the manager for school in 1899. Mostly, Christian gilrs started entering into school. Mission built a hostel for girl. Due to hard work and recommendation of Miss Merry Gill, in 1903, government agreed for up grading school up to middle. People started calling the school as merry Gill school. In 1905, girls passed middle school from this school. Mission and government sent many girls for teacher training. The girl of Brahmin and Rajput remained on back seat for girls education.
     

                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 16/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1136
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

           Dogadda Mission School in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -282
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -302
-

            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1136
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
       American Christian society spread its wings in Kotdwara and Dogadda /Dugadd by opening branches there in 1910. Maniram Mishra of Sarora village donated land for school in Dogadda. Mission opened a basic school in Dogadda and built a bungalow too.  Mission had to close the school after a few years.
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 17/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1137
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

           Dogadda Mission School in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -282
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -302
-

            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1136
-
                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
       American Christian society spread its wings in Kotdwara and Dogadda /Dugadd by opening branches there in 1910. Maniram Mishra of Sarora village donated land for school in Dogadda. Mission opened a basic school in Dogadda and built a bungalow too.  Mission had to close the school after a few years.
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 17/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1137
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

           Chailusain Mission School in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -283
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -304
-

            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1134
-
                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
         American Methodist Mission took responsibility of spreading Christianity in north Garhwal. Seventh Day Adventist Mission took responsibility for spreading Christianity in South Garhwal.  American citizen, Father Moris got land in Chailusain (Dabralsyun) from landlord of Mast-Pali for mission in 1920. Mission got land for school and hospital. Initially, Father Morris opened a basic school in Chailusain.  People of South Garhwal were anxious getting their children English medium studies.  Student numbers were increasing every year. Very soon, the basic school was up graded inti English medium Middle School. Morris built a building for hospital. Father Morris built teacher house, hostel, room for Head Master and study room there. Father Morris also established an apple  garden. 
       Morris appointed Revenson Peter a headmaster of schools and Nathan Shersing and Hordwork as teachers. All three were Garhwali Christian. Morris also appointed Hindu teachers as Shersingh Rawat, Hariprasad Sharma and later on ex editor of Vishal Kirti sadanand Kukreti also joined the team. M
  Mission opened a basic school in Matiyali too.
               Mission converted three Hindu students into Christianity and local Hindu population were in rage. Arya amaj was also busy in spreading its wing in Gangasalan. Hariprasad sharma, Sher Singh and Sada Nand Kukreti had to leave the school due to bitter dispute with Peter and mission management for conversion..
        Those three teachers with the help of villagers of Kadti-Kande (Malla Dhangu) opened school in Silogi six miles away in west of Chailusain. Most of Hindu students joined Silogi School. Arya Samaj opened a English Medium Middle School in Chailusain.
         Therefore, Mission had to close its school in Chailusain. Land Owners pleaded for getting back their land. Since, there was no maintenance for houses built for hospital and schools were in ruined condition.
Mission had to close Mission operation of Chailusain in 1935-36.
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 18/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1138
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

           Major Diseases in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -285
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -305
-

            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1139
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
Major diseases in Garhwal and Kumaon were – epidemic as plague, cholera, small pox, fever. There was spread of plague in 1823. Then after that it spread in Badhan and Chandpur region many times. A couple of times, plague spread in Malla Salan too and Danpur of Kumaon. Official recognized plague first in Kedarnath region and it was there for many years. There was plague in Nagpur and Badhan regions in 1834 and 1835. Again in 1837, it spread in Badhan and upper Pindar river region. There was plague in 1846-47 in Lobha region. There was plague in a village of Bora region of Kumaon in 1847. There was plague in a village 15 miles away from Almora in 1847. There was plague in Mrora and Dadoli villages of Choprakot ofr Garhwal in rainy season of 1849. There was plague in 1852 and 1876. Death toll was 555 in 1876
The people had perception that plague used to start from Haridwar kumbh mela. The worms of Plague remained with pots, dresses etc of pilgrims visiting Badrinath from Haridwar. People had perception that first rats die and then plague spread. It was astounding reality that wherever epidemic spread the main meal of people was Marsu, Rajdana/Chua. It was guessed that there was some relation of Marsu (Amaranthus). Government warned people that if rats start dying in a village, people should immediately vacate the village. However, many people used stay in villages even after rats sudden death and they used to get affected by plague. However, where people used to run away after sudden death of rat they used to survive.
      Government deputed tow experts Francis and Dr. Pearson for getting opinion about plague in Garhwal. Dr. Pearson was Superintendent for vaccination. Dr. Pearson suggested for steps to be taken for preventing losses by plague.
  Let people separate themselves from plague affected person. The dresses of effected person should immediately be burnt.  Pearson found and reported that the persons got plague because they did not know anything about hygiene. The plague spread more in the villages where people live together with cattle and chickens and those keep dung near their house. The persons taking old grain food were also conducive to epidemic. The disease spread on village where people grow tendril vegetables on their country yard and creepers grow on house roofs or walls. Hemp growing habits nearby house was one of the factors too. Hemp was hurdle in air circulation. Not taking bath, not cleaning body for months was major cause of epidemic.
  Dr. Pearson descried pain of epidemics as follows-
   "Whenever there was plague starts in a village, villagers leave the patients and don't see the relation. The parents leave children, wife leaves husband and so. People run away leaving standing crop and all household items as it is. Many spend time aloof in jungle and many die there due to hunger and unconducive conditions."
    Dr. Pearson suggested a few hygiene rules for villagers. Government publicized those rules in villages. The rules or suggestions stated that there should be window in each room. People started having window in new houses built by them. Government suggested that people should paint houses by white lime or Kamera and people followed the same. Government appointed Paswan for compelling people following rules about hygiene and building separate cattle house far from houses. People became aware of effects of cleanliness and disease prevention. There was decrease in epidemic and other epidemic and other diseases by cleanliness drive by the government.  Government took step in aware ness about cleanliness in Pilgrim roads. Government took many steps for cleanliness all over and it was effective in reducing diseases.
The government appointed a committee under Adam about health care on pilgrim roads in 1913.
     There was an epidemic in Garhwal. That epidemic spread after intervals in many prts of Garhwal. Dr. Major recognized it as plague only. 
             

             
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 19/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1139
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
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(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

           Sanjar/Kunjar Fever  in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -286
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -306
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1140
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
           There was a common disastrous disease called as Sanjar or Kunjar fever. That fever was as typhoid in characteristics.  This was an epidemic.    It was more common in valley villages where cleanliness was lacking.   Once, there was Sanjar or Kunjar fever, people used to die and villagers used to leave villages and stay at jungles. People used to return to village only when there was no patient of Sanjar. Before, women and children used to return to village, males  used to do cleaning, washing, painting of houses.
  There was another fever similar to malaria and was called yellow fever. The body used to become playe or yellow and patient used to vomit blood and used to die.   This fever was common in villages of Bhabhar of dense forests. Tuberculosis  was another disease that was disastrous.
                 
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 21/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1141
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

          Cholera in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -287
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -307
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1141
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
                  Cholera was another disastrous disease that people were always afraid. Cholera was more on the kumbha year when pilgrims used to travel from Haridwar. There was disastrous cholera in 1857, 1867 and 1879 just after Kumbha finished in Haridwar. In 1857 and 1879, Cholera spread up to Mana Badrinath. Pilgrims traveling from Haridwar for Badrinath and Kedarnath they used to carry microbes of Cholera inti Garhwal. In 1882, government made rule that if there was cholera in neighboring districts the people of affected districts would not enter into other districts.
  Atkinson informed that the harijans or scheduled castes were first affected by every epidemic because they used to carry degenerated dead animals and were unable for keeping hygiene. Scheduled caste people were more susceptible for getting epidemic and used to die first.
On pilgrim road, the companions of cholera affected  person used to leave him on the road and in villages, villagers used to leave cholera affected person for dying his own death. People did noy burry or burn the dead bodies and cholera microbes used to spread through river, rivulets, rain water and air. Those used to take water of cholera affected water  from water sources used to get diseases.
      Even on non Kumbha year, there was cholera on pilgrim roads. The pilgrims used to eat many days old cooked food and get cholera. There was temperature up and down and pilgrims used to catch many diseases as cholera too.
       Poet Shishram (Uttarakhand Bharti April-September 1974) described the disastrous cholera of 1879 the kumbha year as follows-
   "Indian pilgrims from all over India and Garhwali pilgrim gathered at Haridwar in 1879. Cow eater Englishmen roped the camp just adjacent to Hari ki Kund. Mother Ganga became angry. By her rage, there was sudden cholera. People die because of cholera standing. Others ran away from Haridwar to their houses or villages leaving dead bodies on the roads. Nobody was there to fire their bodies (funeral).
   Assistant Commissioner ordered  peons for burying the dead bodies. Many people those ran away from kumbha Haridwar died on the road returning to their destinations.
       As soon as Assistant Commissioner got information about cholera spread he ordered for taking necessary actions. He sent peons to stop Garhwali pilgrims for entering into villages. He ordered Garhwali pilgrims to stay where they were. Assistant commissioner's team sent medicines and opium to Thakdars and Thokdars were trained how patients should take the medicine. Tehsildar's order was repeatedly spread that no villager is allowed to enter other village in any circumstance. Heavy fine was announced for breaking the order. Villagers were asked not to allow entry of other village villager. Paswans in each village were kept to check the entry and departure of travelers. Other area travelers were also stopped going to Garhwal villages. Government arranged funeral for pilgrims died on pilgrim roads."
           s soon as person started descentry, other villagers used to run away from villages leaving alone the cholera affected person. Due to no medical facility, the patient used to die as animals died.
The death by cholera in each year is as follows (Adams, Report of the pilgrims)
Year --- Death by epidemic (cholera)
1903----4017
1904-----188
1905-----0
1906----3429
1907-----2
1908----2924
1909----1736
1910---782
1911-----76

     
   
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 21/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1142
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

          Chicken and Small Pox  in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -288
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -308
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1142
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Chicken pox and Small pox were very dangerous diseases of Garhwal. At the time of epidemic, ninety percent children used to die.
            Tibet administration was so conscious of poxes of Garhwal that they used to depute an officer for checking pox in Bhotia regions. If there would be chicken pox in the region, Tibet administration did not allow entry into Tibet to Bhotia business men of such region.
      Due to recommendation by Trail in 1818 and 1840 by Batten, the government made compulsory chicken pox vaccination in Garhwal. Gorkha administration started inoculation first time in Garhwal and Kumon. Gorkha administration offered Jagir to the person engaged in inoculation. he belonged to Dehradun. The person used to take fees from people as per wish.  British government stopped inoculation.
In 1854, due to inoculation, chicken pox spread and many people died.
     British government as per suggestions from Pearson and Batten, appointed two vaccinators for Garhwal and Kumaon. Initially, people resisted vaccination due to cow blood immune liquid for vaccination. However, people started accepting vaccination after witnessing the benefits of vaccination. Government increased numbers of vaccinators.  In 1868, government passed a law for stopping inoculation. Since, inoculation was common in Hills, the vaccination became popular very soon.
The deaths by chicken pox is as under –
   ------------------------------------------------ Garhwal-------------Kumaon
Average annual deaths from 1867-1873----------23-----------------22
Average annual deaths from 1873-1877-------------15-----------------27
In 1877, vaccinators injected vaccines on 72410 persons and 62596 were succsful vaccinations.
    Number of vaccinations in Kumaon division including Bhabhar and Trai were as follows-
Average vaccinations from 1873-77-------------56000
1880-81----------------------------------------------71909
1882-83------------------------------------------------40865
1883-84-------------------------------------------------38855
           
   

           
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 22/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1143
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal