Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख

[Bhishma Kukreti]

              Bhotiya Communities in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -311
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -331
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1165
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
   
  By 1925, Government counted Bhotiya as separate entity . Administration classified them into Marchha, Tolchha and Johari. Bhotantik of Garhwal used to call them Rajput and had their Dom caste too. Their customs were mixture of Tibet and Garhwalis of north Garhwal.
Marchha were settled in Mana, Niti, Gamsali, Malari region.
Johari Bhotiya came from Johari Kumaon and settled in Garhwal. Johari used to perceive them upper than Garhwal Bhotiyas in caste status. Johri used to marry with Joharis of Kumaon. Johari used to take roti sabji cooked by Tolchha marachha but not rice-dal
  Tolchha Bhotiya used to marry girls from K.has of Painkhanda. There were 470 Bhotiyas in Garhwal in 1910
   
         
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 5/3/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1166
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

              Shilpkar (Dom) and other Communities in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -312
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -332
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1166
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
     British administration used Dom word for craftsmen and non-touchable castes .In this chapter and ahead this writer will use Shilpkar word for Dom word.
      The Hindu population of British Garhwal in 1872 and  1881 was as under –
Total – 308398
Brahmins -81038
Rajput—152095
Baniya – 3007
Others (72258)
Goldsmith -3349
Mekhdhari Jogi-2500
Bhotiya-419
Prostitutes -3183
Shilpkar- 47807
The 1881 census offered following data-
Cobblers -1478
Shilpkar- 52000
Sweeper -292
Total- 54300
Administration included goldsmith prostitutes and Jogi into higher class.
  In census of 1872 and 84 too, administration divided Shilpkar into following classes  (Atkinson) –
First class
Koli
Ironsmith /Lohar
Metal smith /Tamta
Johar
Od  (building construction)
Dhari
Second class Shilpkar
Bhul or Teli (Oil extractor0
Rudiya (Wood vessels makers)
Agriya /miners
Chunar, Phariya etc
Third Class Shilpkar
Boat men and Dhunar
Cobbler
Dalya
Fourth Shilpkar class
Beggars included Auji, Hudkya, Missar, Badi, bhat, Darji etc
   
             Bogsa, Boksa  or Bhuksa

     Boksa communities were living in Bhabhar. In old age, Boksa were in Shrinagar too. The perception about Boksa was that that (still is there) Boksa are black magicians. It was perceived that they were partners with looters on pilgrim roads.
     It was said that Tehri King destroyed their literature and destroyed them too.
    They had Brahmin , Rajput and Shilpkar sub caste communities. Boksa used to marry with Tharu communities nearby Bhabhar. However, Tharu from Bijnor did not like Boksa (Atkinson).
   Boksa used to sieve gold from Ramganga sands too.
                                 Sikh in Garhwal

    In old age, Sikhs were included in Hindu community. Lately in British rule, administration started counting them separately. By 1910, there was scanty Sikh  population in Langur, Mawalsyun, Gum village of Ajmer, Binjoli and Holyuni  Gurarsyun pattis.
                   Jain
  In 1911 census, there were 55 Jains and all were businessmen.
    The 1952 census indicates that 92 percent Hindus were there and around less than 8 percent were non  Hindus. Most of non-Hindus were staying in cities.





         
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 6/3/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1167
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

              Muslims Communities in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -313
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -333
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1167
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
      Various censuses offered following data about Muslim population-
1872-1000
1881-2077
1901-4411, males-3493, females -918
               Most of Muslims came from Bijnor for business, labor jobs or services. Many Shekh, Banjara and Jhojha communities took profitable job of transporting goods from Bijnor to Kotdwara and then transporting goods through mules from Nazibabad to hill villages of British Garhwal. Mule transportation from Nazibabad to villages was continued till 1980. Many Muslims settled permanently in Kotdwara, Lansdowne, Dogdda, Shrinagar 
Garhwal kings also settled a few Muslims in Shrinagar for cooking for Muslim guests and hunting jobs. Those Muslims did not have any culture of daily Namaz. There were a few Muslim families in villages as Ajmer , Langur Pattis. Garhwali villagers counted them in Shilpkar community. They were having families. The most Muslims in towns were not having women with them. AMuslims built Maszid in Kotdwara , Lansdowne around 1911. The temporary settled Muslims used to keep Shilpkar women with them and when they used to return they used to take such women and children with them to Bijnor etc. Many Muslims used to play khaja musical instruments with Nayak prostitutes. Many prostitutes were converted into Islam.  Many Muslims and prostitutes were busy in taking Garhwali girls and women to plains for making them prostitutes.  Many Muslims used to sell Gud, Churi, Chunti Clothing materials, etc visiting village to village. Muslims businessmen from Bijnor side used to come to fears for selling various items as toys, sweets, wheel in Garhwal too.
     Islamic Maulavis never acted for Islam promotion as Christian missionaries did in Garhwal. British government appointed Maulavis for teaching Urdu in Islamiya schools and they were from Bijnor district. Those Maulvis made ware Garhwali Muslims about Islam principles. The Muslim cooks in Circuit houses, Muslim government employees started awakening Garhwali Muslims for taking Islamic principles seriously. Before, first world war, the priest of Garhwali Muslims used to Hindu Brahmins. Must of rural Muslims used to had same rituals as Hindus had .


         
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 9/3/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1168
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

      गुप्त काल में भोजन व पेय संस्कृति

Food and Drinks in  Gupta Era in context History of Haridwar,  Bijnor,   Saharanpur
                   
                         
    हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 231                 


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती


      गुप्त  हिन्दू शाकाहारी व मांशाहारी दोनों थे।  फाही  लिखा कि  मांश दुकाने नहीं हैं वह वौद्ध वस्तियों से संबधित वास्तविकता थी।  स्मृतियों में लिखा गया है बल जिन स्त्रियों के पति  बाहर हों उन्हें मांश भक्षण नहीं करना चाहिए।  रोगी को औषधि रूप में मांश भक्षण मान्य था। दक्षिण में मच्छी भक्षण व शराब पी   जाती थी। ब्राह्मण शराब नहीं पीते थे।  दक्षिण में शराब पश्चिम से आयात होती थी। लंकवत्र सूत्र में चावल , गेंहू जौ , दालों , मक्खन , शीरा , शक़्कर का उल्लेख मिलता है। महायान बौद्ध मांश भक्षी थे। भोजन बाद पान खाने का रिवाज भी था।





Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India  2018

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --

हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -


      Ancient  History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;   Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;  Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;   Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;      History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Bijnor;   seohara , Bijnor History Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;    Ancient History of Saharanpur;   Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur;    Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;     Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;   Ancient Saharanpur History,     Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;ससेवहारा  बिजनौर , बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास; देवबंद सहारनपुर इतिहास , बेहत सहारनपुर इतिहास , नकुर सहरानपुर इतिहास Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas

[Bhishma Kukreti]

History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in Atharva-Veda
History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia   6
History Medical Tourism, Wellness tourism in Vedic Era, India -2
By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)

  Atharva Veda is fourth Veda. Yajurveda is about performing rituals and Somveda is about music and Chhanda/tones.
There are mentions of medicines in many mantras /hymns of Yajurveda (Atidev,1960,  Ayurveda ka vrihad Itihas page 29)
  Atharva Veda deals with health, manufacturing medicines, growing medical plants, disease description and medicines for human beings. Atharva Veda deals with, body parts description of diseases too. Atharvaveda is called the originator of scientific Ayurveda.
Thera are two types of medical remedies- mental and physical remedies. Atharvaveda deals with the both.   
    In Atharvaveda, there are description of various plants used in medicine making, worm science, surgery and child delivery process and medical treatments.
          Worm Science in Atharvaveda
Worms means those are microscopic in nature and many insects or reptiles. Atharvaveda describes – By big source /weapon, I kill the worms  those impure blood and flash.
Those are killed by my medicines and those are left live I  kill them ( AV 2/31/3 As cited by Atideva in Ayurveda ka vrihad Itihas page 33).
  Medicinal plants in Atharva Veda
  In Ayurveda ka Vriahad Itihas ( 1960, Bhrgava Press banaras page 34) , Atideva offers following medicinal plants list described in Atharvaveda –
Pippali
Chirchita
Pushniparni
Banyan
Rohani
Arjun.
Piplkhan etc
  There are tens of medicines described in Atharva Veda for eradicating disease as leprosy, vat , hair diseases, intestine gas and other disease ; urine related diseases , Blood circulation related  diseases , head related pains and disease; tuberculous;
Atharvaveda offers us names of various diseases and medicines too .
  Sales of Medicines in Atharva-Veda
Though, in normal circumstances, Atharva-Veda does not support sales of medicines for profit but in certain cases, Atharva-Veda also advices ideal merchandizing of medicines –
चिकित्सितस्तु स्श्रुत्य यो वाअसश्रुत्य मानव ,नोपाकरोती वैद्याय नास्ति तस्येय निष्कृति कुर्वते ये तु वृत्यर्थ चिकित्सापण्यविक्रयम ते हित्वा कांचन राशिम पाशुराशिमुपासते ( Chi. A.V 1/4/55-59)
Medicines were bought under barter exchange system but leprosy medicines were bought by money (धनैरभि श्रुत्वा यन्ति , A.V .5/4/2).
People used to buy varanavati medicine in exchange of a Pavsa grass and deer skin ( AV 4/7/6)
Pharmacology in Atharva Veda
There are hymn those prove that there was knowledge of pharmacology in Atharva Veda period (Atidev,  ibid, page  55-56) .


 


Public Health concept in Atharvaveda /Atharva-Veda
Atharva-Veda describes Swasthayvrata or life style management for good health
   Welcoming Guest concept in Atharva-Veda
    In any society, tour general,  medical or amusement tour is possible when there is concept of taking care for the guests. There are many hymns in Atharva –Veda for welcoming thee guests with respects as –
To welcome a guest at the door step is like making offerings to God ( A.V .9/6/3)
In part of  9th book of Atharva Veda offers many instances of guest welcoming and glorification of guest welcome –
The man eats before guest eats up glory and the understanding of the house .
The man should not eat before the guest who is Brahmin versed in holy lore.
When the guest had eaten he should eat.
O King! When a person comes as a guest ones house a patient man must offer a seat and them wash his feet with water. Then he must ask the welfare of the guest and reciprocate according to situation. Thereafter, depending upon circumstances, meal should be offered (A/V 9/6/1)
In A.V 9/6/3, it is said –The sins of person who offers hospitality to a guest are absolved
   Visiting Himalaya for Medicines: Medical tourism
There is clear concept of Medical Tourism too in Atharva-Veda. There is description of  ptient visiting to medicine production place and buying the medicine there ---in In fourth hymn of part V of Atharvaveda –
Thou who was born on mountains, thou most mighty of all plants that grow
Thou banisher of disease /fever, come, Kushtha! Make fever pass away
Brought from Snowy Mountain, born on the high hill, where eagles breed,
  Men seek to buy thee when they hear: for Fever banisher they know (A.V 5/4 ..)

  Conclusion
The examples of plants used for medicines , medicine names, disease description, guest visiting , patients going for buying medicines , exchange for buying medicines , selling medicines for nominal earning in Atharva Veda prove that there was medical tourism concept  in Atharva Veda period. Medical tourism in Atharva Veda period was more advance than Rigveda and tourism was for both –gaining mental peace and disease or pain curing purposes. No Doubt, the medical tourism was in craft industry format only and mostly primitive in nature.

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti , 7/6/2018
  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India will be continued in – 7
History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North India , South Asia;, History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , South India; South Asia, History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , East India, History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , West India, South Asia; History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Central India, South Asia; ;  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North East India , South Asia;  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , Bangladesh , South Asia; History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India, Pakistan , South Asia;  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Myanmar, South Asia; ;  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; ;  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia,  to be continued 

[Bhishma Kukreti]

रीठा वनीकरण
Soapnut Forestation in Uttarakhand

(केन्द्रीय व प्रांतीय वन अधिनियम व वन जन्तु रक्षा अधिनियम परिवर्तन के उपरान्त ही सार्थक )
-

  सार्वजनिक औषधि पादप वनीकरण - 12


Community Medical Plant Forestation -12

उत्तराखंड में मेडिकल टूरिज्म विकास विपणन ( रणनीति  )  114

-

  Medical Tourism Development in Uttarakhand  (  Strategies  )  -  114               

(Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Management in  Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar series-- 217)   
    उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन -भाग 217


    लेखक : भीष्म कुकरेती  (विपणन व बिक्री प्रबंधन विशेषज्ञ )

  लैटिन नाम -Sapindus mukorossi
कुम्भ बीज , रिष्टिक
पादप वर्णन
रीठा कभी बहुतअय्र में पाया जाता था अब आंतरिक पर्यटन हेतु लोग कहते हैं औ वहां आठ दस मील दूर रीठा पेड़ है।
रीठा 12 -20 मीटर ऊँचा व 70 वर्षीय रीठा  तने की गोलाई 3 मीटर  तक जाती है , शीत ऋतू में पत्ते झड़ जाते हैं। पीले फूल व काले भूरे फल।  फलों के अंदर कठोर काले बीज  हैं।  काले बीज कभी गुच्छी  खेलने के व बच्चों हेतु कंगन बनाने के काम आते थे।
हिमालय में लघु व मध्यम पहाड़ियों में 4000 फ़ीट की ऊंचाई में पाए जाते हैं।
औषधि उपयोग -
विष रोधक औषधियों में
आयुर्वेद में कफ रोधक , कोलेस्ट्रॉल कम करने की औषधियों , रक्तचाप समन्वयकरण औषधियों में प्रयोग होता है। त्वचा की गंदगी साफ़ हेतु औषधि ( फेस वाश ) में  उपयोग। सरदर्द व अधकपाळी दूर करने की औषधियों में भी उपयोग होता  है
रीठा तेल कई औषधियों व उद्यम में उपयोग।
गर्भपात औषधि हेतु भी रीठा प्रयोग होता है।
घाव, फोड़े  धोने आदि में प्रयोग
कपड़े धोने व शैम्पू में प्रयोग
पत्तियाँ -चारे हेतु उपयोगी
जलवायु आवश्यकता
- धूप , अच्छे बारिश , आम पहाड़ी जलवायु
भूमि
बलुई , दुम्मट , रेतीली जमीन रगड़ किनारे में भी उग आते हैं

फल तोड़ने का समय  -अक्टूबर से जनवरी


बीज बोन का समय - बीजों को सूखे में ही भण्डारकृत किया जाता है।  फंगस लगने का खतरा हर समय होता है।

बीज बोन हेतु ग्रीष्म ऋतू सही समय
रीठे की जड़ें लम्बी होती है अतः बलुई मिट्टी में गड्ढे इस प्रकार हों कि जड़ों को पनपने का अवसर मिल सके।
बीजों को 24 घंटे मंतते वार्म पानी में रखा जाता है जिससे छिलके उत्तर सकें किन्तु ध्यान रहे कि गरम जल से बीज न मरें ।  वैक्यूम फ्लास्क में रीठे के बीजों को मंतते  जल में रखा जाता है या गर्म राख से पानी को मंतता  रखा जाता है। अथवा सैंडपेपर से बीजों को खुरचकर तब पानी में भिगोया जाता। है
भिगोये बीजों को 2. 5 सेंटीमीटर गहरा बोया जाता है।  बीजों को छाया में ही बोया जाय  व बोन से पहले खाद नहीं डालनी चाहिए , जब तक मिट्टी  सूखे पानी नहीं देते हैं , खाद व पानी , नमि फंगस दफंदी को  डालते हैं
अंकुरण समय
एक से तीन महीने में अंकुरण आता है। बीज और फूलते हैं व उन पर सफेद बूरा आ जाता  है अतः घबराने की आवश्यकता नहीं। 
जब अंकुर ठीक से आ  जाएँ तो पौधों को दूसरी जगह रोपा जाता है जहां जल व धूप खूब हों।  ध्यान देने योग्य पहलु यह है कि  अंकुरण से लेकर रोपाई तक इसकी लम्बी जड़ों को बचाना।
खाद आवश्यकता - शुरुवात रोपाई के पश्चात  गोबर कम्पोस्ट आवश्यक
धूप - पेड़ को धूप  चाहिए
सिंचाई आवश्यकता - जल प्रेमी
वयस्कता समय- नौ दस साल में फूल , फल देने लगता है।

विशेषज्ञों की राय आवश्यक है

आईये राजनीतिज्ञों , अधिकारियों पर वन अधिनियम परिवर्तन हेतु दबाब बनाएँ ! सर्वप्रथम बन्दर , सूअर  व अदूरदर्शिता भगाए जायं !
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti  9/6  //2018
संदर्भ

1 -भीष्म कुकरेती, 2006  -2007  , उत्तरांचल में  पर्यटन विपणन परिकल्पना , शैलवाणी (150  अंकों में ) , कोटद्वार , गढ़वाल
2 - भीष्म कुकरेती , 2013 उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन , इंटरनेट श्रृंखला जारी
3 - रामनाथ वैद्य ,2016 वनौषधि -शतक , सर्व सेवा संघ बनारस
४- डा प्रकाश चंद्र पंत , कुमाऊं की उपयोगी औषधि वनस्पतियां
-
   Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Haridwar Garhwal Uttarakhand ;
Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Champawat Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Kumaon Uttarakhand ;

Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Pauri Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in  Chmoli  Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in  Rudraprayag Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Uttarkashi Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Dehradun Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Nainital Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Almora Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Champawat Kumaon Uttarakhand ;
  Medicinal Plants plantation in Pithoragarh Uttarakhan

[Bhishma Kukreti]

      गुप्तकाल में परिधान व आभूषण


Dress and Ornaments in   Gupta Era in context History of Haridwar,  Bijnor,   Saharanpur
                   
                         
    हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -232             


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती


        पुरुष   ऊपरी भाग में उत्तरीय व निचले भाग में धोती पहनते थे। दोनों परिधानों में सिलाई आवश्यक न था।  कुषाण युग से कोट आदि का प्रचलन हुआ।  गुप्र राजा शिकार खेलते समय भी धोती पहनते थे। सर में वस्त्र केवल धार्मिक अनुष्ठान में ही पहना जाता था।
स्त्रियां पेटीकोट के ऊपर साड़ी  धारण करतीं थीं।  कंचुकी /ब्रा भी प्रचलन में था।  कपास वस्त्र दिनचर्या हतु पहने जाते थे और रेशमी वस्त्र विशेष अवसरों पर। गुप्त काल में वस्त्रों को रंगने का प्रचलन बढ़ गया था। ऊनि वस्त्र व जंतु त्वचा वस्त्र भी प्रचलित थे।  बौद्ध भिक्षुक लाल या गेरुए व ब्राह्मण भिक्षुक पीले परिधान पहनते थे।
स्त्रियां नाक को छोड़ सभी तरह के आभूषणों -गला , कान , कमर , सर , पैरों के आभूषणों में रूचि रखतीं थीं।  धातु न हो तो वनस्पति के आभूषण पहने जाते थे।
बालों को काढ़ना फैशन था। बाल कढ़ाई के कई तरह के डिजाइन प्रचलित थी।
मेक अप , शरीर गोदना भी प्रचलित था।





Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India  2018

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --

हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -


      Ancient  History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;   Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;  Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;   Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;      History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Bijnor;   seohara , Bijnor History Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;    Ancient History of Saharanpur;   Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur;    Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;     Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;   Ancient Saharanpur History,     Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार  इतिहास ;ससेवहारा  बिजनौर , बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास; देवबंद सहारनपुर इतिहास , बेहत सहारनपुर इतिहास , नकुर सहरानपुर इतिहास Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas

[Bhishma Kukreti]

अर्जुन (असीन ) वृक्ष वनीकरण से मेडिकल टूरिज्म विकास

Arjuna  Plant Plantation for Medical Tourism in Uttrakhand --
(केन्द्रीय व प्रांतीय वन अधिनियम व वन जन्तु रक्षा अधिनियम परिवर्तन के उपरान्त ही सार्थक )
-

  सार्वजनिक औषधि पादप वनीकरण -


Community Medical Plant Forestation -

उत्तराखंड में मेडिकल टूरिज्म विकास विपणन ( रणनीति  )

-

  Medical Tourism Development in Uttarakhand  (  Strategies  )  -                 

(Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Management in  Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar series--)   
    उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन -भाग


    लेखक : भीष्म कुकरेती  (विपणन व बिक्री प्रबंधन विशेषज्ञ )

  लैटिन नाम -Terminalia arjuna गढ़वाल में असीन अर्थात Terminalia Alata
पादप वर्णन
अर्जुन सदाबहार वृक्ष है जिसकी ऊंचाई 60 -85 फ़ीट तक पंहुच जाती है।  अर्जुन की पत्तियां तिकोनी , फूल पीले व फल 2. 5 -3 . 5  सेंटीमीटर लम्बे होते हैं जिनके अंदर बीज होते है। अर्जुन लगभग सारे भारत में पाया जाता है और नदी , रगड़ के किनारे पाया जाता है।  अर्जुन की छाल मंहगी बिकती है
आर्थिक उपयोग
लकड़ी में उपयोग
रेशम उत्पादन में पत्तियां उपयोगी
कई धार्मिक अनुष्ठानों में उपयोग
औषधि उपयोग
रक्तस्राव रोकने  , घाव भरने में उपयोग
मूत्र नली में पीप रोकने, कई मूत्र रोग निदान व दस्त में उपयोग
कोलेस्ट्रल व मोटापा कम करने में उपयोग व हृदय रोग औषधि में उपयोग
डाइबिटीज हेतु उपयोग
छाती दर्द में उपयोग
थकावट भगाता है व ऊर्जा लाता है
दंत औषधि व टूथ पेस्ट में उपयोग
यूटेरस की कई बीमारियों में औषधि उपयोग

जलवायु आवश्यकता
भूमि
यद्यपि अर्जुन लगभग हर जमीन में पैदा होता है किन्तु अर्जुन को जमीन के नीचे पानी तल पसंन्द है , लाल मिटटी विशेषतः नदी किनारे जलोढ़ मिटटी में अच्छी पैदावार देता है। रगड़ , गदन किनारे सही भूमि।
अर्जुन जलभरान प्में भी पल सकता है
फल तोड़ने का समय  -फूल मार्च से शुरू हो जाते हैं व सितंबर से दिसंबर में पके फल तैयार हो जाते हैं।  फलों को सुखाकर बीज प्राप्त किये जाते हैं।
बीज बोन का समय -
मानसून
एक किलो  में 700 -800 बीज आते हैं
बीजों को कम से कम 40 घंटे पानी में सोक कर नरसरी में बोया जाता है . अंकुरण समय 50 -70 दिन व अंकुरण प्रतिशत 50 -60 % होता है।  2 -तीन महीने बाद रोपण
रोपण का समय अंकुरण के 2 -3 महीने बाद व 15 महीने पुराने अंकुरित पौधे को भी रोपा जा सकता है।
रोपण हेतु गड्ढों का घनत्व --60 x 60 x 60 cm व गड्ढों के मध्य दूरी 6 x 6 मित्र की यानी एक हेक्टेयर में 275 पौधे लगाए जा सकते हैं
खाद आवश्यकता
शुरुवात में आवश्यक बाद में कम किन्तु खाद आवश्यक है। अति छाया नहीं होनी चाहिए व पहले दो साल ओस से बचाव आवश्यक
सिंचाई आवश्यकता
अर्जुन को वार्षिक 750 -1900 mm वर्षा की व 25 -30 डिग्री तापमान की आवश्यकता होती है
वयस्कता समय
कम से कम 5 वर्ष

कीड़ों , जीवाणुओं से बचाव आवश्यकहै इसलिए   कृपया विशेज्ञों की राय लें
विशेषज्ञों की राय  आवश्यक है
देहरादून में नाग फार्मेस्युटिकल आर के पुरम व पंतनगर बायो टेक  जसपुर में रोपण हेतु पौधे मिलते हैं

आईये राजनीतिज्ञों , अधिकारियों पर वन अधिनियम परिवर्तन हेतु दबाब बनाएँ ! सर्वप्रथम बन्दर , सूअर  व अदूरदर्शिता भगाए जायं !
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti  10/6  //2018
संदर्भ

1 -भीष्म कुकरेती, 2006  -2007  , उत्तरांचल में  पर्यटन विपणन परिकल्पना , शैलवाणी (150  अंकों में ) , कोटद्वार , गढ़वाल
2 - भीष्म कुकरेती , 2013 उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन , इंटरनेट श्रृंखला जारी
3 - रामनाथ वैद्य ,2016 वनौषधि -शतक , सर्व सेवा संघ बनारस
-
   Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Haridwar Garhwal Uttarakhand ;
Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Champawat Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Kumaon Uttarakhand ;

Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Pauri Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in  Chmoli  Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in  Rudraprayag Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Uttarkashi Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Dehradun Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Nainital Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Almora Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Champawat Kumaon Uttarakhand ;
  Medicinal Plants plantation in Pithoragarh Uttarakhand

[Bhishma Kukreti]

              Openings Schools in British Garhwal   
-
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -213
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -233
-

            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1067
-
                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
  There was no formal education system in Garhwal Kingdom and Gorkha rules. The upper class Brahmins engaged in Karmkand and medical /Ayurveda profession used to educate their sons for Sanskrit, Astrology and Ayurveda.
There were afew temples especially in Shringar whre scholars usded to educate students for Sanskrit, Braj and Ayurveda. The scholars of Bahuguna of Pokhari used to teach their sons Sanskrit Grammar and poetry too and same a Nautiyals of Shrinagar offered knowledge to their sons.
In British rule in Trail and Bouton period , there was no formal education system. However, the government offering education started from becket period. Government increased levy for education too. 
    In 1843, Central government handed over the education to the state government. In 1843, Province lieutenant general submitted education system in mother tongue. He advocated that in every 200 families there should be one school.  However, government asked him to follow new planning. According to that planning there should be one Tahsildari or Middle school as example for private schools. The salary for principle was fixed Rs. 10-20. The plan was 6 school teachers and three inspectors for each district. The government fixed budget for each district for  Rs. 4000- 4500. The state government passed a project for education in 1850.
                It took 10 years for schools opening in Garhwal. Becket increased levy by additional 3 % as education tax to land owners. Becket selected places for each school and by 1860 and  there were following lower primary schools (Madrse)-
    Number of Schools in British Garhwal in 1860
Pargana ----Number of Schools --------------- Pargana ----Number of Schools
Barasyun-------------6 ----------------------------- Devalgarh--4
Badhan  ------        2---------------------------------Dashauli ------3
Chandpur ------------4 -------------------------------Nagpur -------6
Chaundkot -----4----------------------------------- Painkhanda ---1
Gangasalan -------5 -------------------------------------Mallasalan--- 4
Tallasalan-----------6
Total 43
There were 43 Government lower primary or basic schools in 1860 in British Garhwal.   
     In Halkabandi school, there was education upto lower primary and in Tahseeli school,s , the education was up to 7th.
  The schools of Kedarkhand,  Gamsali  and Badrinath used shift in summer to north and in winter to south ( Ukhimath, Chamoli and Joshimath)
There used to be one master in each school called Pundit. Becket selected himself from Karmkandi Brahmin community. There was no formal syllabus but teacher used to teach Hindi and math. Script was devnagari for education. The monthly salary was for Rs. 5.
Deputy inspector used to inspect and control the schools.
  District magistrate Becket used to distribute salary for teachers and used to interact with them directly.
  Becket encouraged teachers to be in teaching profession as low educated person desired for becoming Patwari as there was immense power and extra income in Patwari profession.
   Since, there were less numbers of schools, students used to come from miles. Student used to stay in hostels built by grass as hut. Students used to cook their own food. Average student age was more than sixteen and many married students also took admission in schools for new education. Initially, only boys took admission as there was no custom of educating girls.

       
   References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 343-456
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts Vol.2,
2 A- Trail Sketch of Kumaon, Asiatic Researches
3-Pau, Garhwal settlement
4- Becket, Garhwal Settlement Report
5-English Pre Mutiny Records 1824, Part - 1 , vol. 24
Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 4/11/2017
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1068
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasaln Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

               Health Care in British Garhwal   
-
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -214
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -234
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1068
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
   Garhwal kings and Gorkha rulers were not responsible for health care of the people. God, Ayurveda Vaid and Mantrik were the main medical service providers till British came in the scene in Garhwal.
   Till 1840, British administrations followed Garhwal Kings .
    People did not care for ill health. When the health became r worsened , his or her family members used to go to future tellers (Pucher or Bakki). By getting advice from folk future teller, the family members performed various folk remedies as Ghadela, puja etc for satisfying local deities, village deities or other dissatisfied souls.   
   in each village, there used to be person that knew many herbs for healing injuries, illnesses etc. Most of Karmkandi Brahmins were also Ayurveda medical practitioners.
  Main diseases were malaria, cholera, poxes, different fevers, indigestion, decentries  etc. Women had many more diseases. Children used to die due to stomachache. There was remedy for burning stomach skin by specific cotton type fibers (Gull or Daman).  Old people suffering from bone problems also used to burn the paining body part by sharp pointed iron rod (Tala Lagana ) . Hot stone was also used for bone trouble. Hot or cold water treatments were also there.
    Tubeculacius and leprosy was lesser than other parts.  ye disease were plenty.
  If there is small cut, people used to urinate on that cut for recovery or stopping infection. Toothache was another problem and there were some herbs for curing toothache too. People used to put herbs juices or blood of a specific bird for curing ear diseases.
  Skin diseases as boils, pimples, itching, scarab, were  common in summer and rainy season. .
  Every villager knew importance of ginger, black pepper, clove and other herbs for certain diseases.
   

       
   References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 343-456
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts Vol.2,
2 A- Trail Sketch of Kumaon, Asiatic Researches
3-Pau, Garhwal settlement
4- Becket, Garhwal Settlement Report
5-English Pre Mutiny Records 1824, Part - 1 , vol. 24
Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 5/11/2017
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1069
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasaln Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal