MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings for Relationship with Kingdoms in Himachal

Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings in Pal /Shah Period -3
Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -32 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -221     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -469 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
               The relationship of Garhwal Kings had been cold and hot with Himachal Kingdoms adjacent to Uttarkashi and Dehradun regions.
          According to folklores, Garhwal army destroyed the forts of Kamru (Rampur) and Chini of Himachal in fifteenth century. The Kamru Thakur (chieftain) Kehr Singh established Rampur.
       There was cordial relationship of Garhwal Kings with Bushahr King from Ajaypal till Balbhadra Shah. The Garhwal Kings and many Himachal Kings had marriage relationship too.
           According to Bahuguna Vanshavali, Garhwal King Manshah won Utkal (Jubbal) and Kameth (Kanthyl) of Himachal. The folklore and historical witnesses support the Bahuguna Vanshavali.  Garhwal King Manshah won the territories of Thong/Thyong, Madhan and Ghund of Himachal. These territories were ruled by  Thakurs.
 Dr. Dabral suggested that Manshah also  have won Ravai Pargana of Himachaal region.
    Madho Singh Bhandari the Garhwal Chief of Army of Mahpati Shah reached to Shringkatha of Vaspa valley. Perhaps his army reached to Vaspa via Chitkal, Sanga, Kalpa, Chini and Pangi. Madho Singh died there in Vaspa. With difficulty, Garhwal army returned to Garhwal.
   Prithvipati Shah also tried to extend his rule till Sutlej but was not successful due to strong resistance from togetherness of Himachal Kings. Garhwal rule was till Hatokoti of Himachal. As per order of Auranzeb, Madani Shah won Butolgarh of Kyunthalgarh of Aurangzeb.
 There was border dispute with Sirmaur king of Fateshah. However, after oppressive methods of Guru Govind Singh  , Garhwal King Fate Shah helped Sirmaur King.  From that time Garhwal Kings started appointing Himachal soldiers.
 By appointing Himachal soldiers, Garhwal Kings and Kumaon Kings started ignoring Rajput and Khas soldiers.  A couple of regional commanders of west Garhwal declared them free from Garhwal Kingdom and took help of Himachal Kingdoms.
     Just before Gorkha attack, Himmat Singh the King of Bushehr captured Ravaigarh from Garhwal.


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 31/10/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -470
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued

XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
XX
Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings for Relationship with Kingdoms in Himachal; Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings for Relationship with Kingdoms in Kamru , Himachal in relation Uttarkashi Garhwal History; Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings for Relationship with Bushahr Kingdom in Bushehar , Himachal in relation Garhwal History; Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings for Relationship with Thyog Kingdom in Himachal in relation  Dehradun Garhwal History; Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings for Relationship with Kingdom in Madhan, Himachal in relation  Haridwar Garhwal History; Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings for Relationship with Kingdom in Ghund Himachal in relation  Bijnor, old Garhwal History; Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings for Relationship with Vaspa Kingdom in Himachal in relation  Pauri Garhwal History; Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings for Relationship with Butaulgarh Fort, Himachal  in relation  Pauri Garhwal History; Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings for Relationship with Kingdom in Himachal in relation  Chamoli Garhwal History; Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings for Relationship with Kangda Kingdom in Himachal in relation  Rudraprayag Garhwal History;

           Relationship of Garhwal Kings with Mughal

Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings in Pal /Shah Period -5
Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -34 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -223     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -471 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
         Most probably, Garhwal King Sahajpal had cordial relation with Mughal Empire. However, Sahajpal did not agree to be under Mughal rule.
         Husain Khan a regional commander of Akbar attacked on territories from Yamuna till Doti and looted the territory.
 Garhwal army resisted Husain Khan army in Doon valley. Garhwal army wounded Husain Khan and Husian Khan died after getting wound in Doon valley.
             Initially, Garhwal King Balbhadra opposed Akbar and supported opponents of Akbar. However, later on established cordial relation with Mughal Emperor Akbar.
  Garhwal King Shyam Shah visited Mughal Emperor in Agra but did not acceptance submission or rule of Mughal Emperor.
   Nazavat khan the commander of Shahjahan attacked on Garhwal and reached till Mohanchatti Banderbhel (where Taimur also reached) and was harassed by armed force of Nakkati queen. Nazabat Khan had to flee to save his life to Nazibabda region via Hinwal river valley. Prithvipati Shah accepted submission of Mughal Emperor Shahjahan but by offering shelter to Suleman Shikoh (son of Dara SHikoh)  he opposed Aurangzeb. Medani Shah the son of Prithvipati Shah opposed his father and helped Auranzeb to catch Suleman Shikoh. Though Medani Shah was under Auranzeb but virtually Garhwal was as good as Slovenian Kingdom. Fateshah the son of Medani Shah attacked part of Saharanpur and looted the Mughal territory. Fate Shah sent gift to Mughal emperor in later stage.
                Due to geographical circumstances, Mughal rulers could not win Garhwal and most of the time Garhwal Kings had cordial relation with Mughal Empire.
  Hardiwar was always under Mughal or Rohillas in Pughal Period. Same way, Bijnor  was snatched from Garhwal by Rohillas for ever.


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 3/11/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -472 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued

XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
XX

Relationship of Garhwal Kingdom with Kumaon Kingdoms

             Foreign Policy of Garhwal Kings in Pal /Shah Period -7
Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -36 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -225     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -473 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

               In Katyuri Kingdom, Garhwal and Kumaon had been part of one rule. Most of the social, cultural, religious, agricultural aspects became same in both the regions.
  By fifteenth century, even in language, there was no difference except local dialects.
         As soon as the Chand and Pal Kingdoms in Kumaon and Garhwal respectively emerged, the nationality in both the regions also emerged.
  Kirti Chand attacked on Chandpur at the time of Ajaypal.
  Ajyapal had to shift the capital to Shrinagar.
   Kumaon King Rudrachand attacked Garhwal Kingdom when Balbhadra Shah was King.Balbhadra Shah did treaty with Katyuri King Sukhaldev. Rudrachand attacked on Sukhaldev but Garhwal King could not help Katyuri ruler.
         Kumaon King Lakshmi Chand attacked Garhwal Kingdom for eight times when Garhwal King was Manshah. Lakshmi Chand had been unsuccessful in invading Garhwal.
  Trimal Chand (son of Lakhshmi Chand) had to take shelter under Garhwal King Shyam Shah in Shrinagar.
 There were cordial relation between Trimal Chand and Garhwal King.
          Bajbahadur the Kumaun King helped Mughal Empire to destroy Garhwal Kingdom but Garhwal King Medani Shah was winner. Kumaon King Udtyot Chand (Son of Bajbahadur Chand) attacked on Garhwal Kingdom and Garhwal King did treaty with Katyuri King of Doti and Katyuri Ruler of east Kumaon. Garhwal King Medani Shah captured Doongiri and Dwarhat and Katyuri captured Champawat.
   There were battles between Garhwal King Fateshah and Kumaon King Gyanchand for twelve years. The bordering villages of Garhwal and kumaon became people less and became Jungles as people flee from those villages.
     Devi Chand attacked twice on Garhwal.
 There were cordial relation with Kumaon King Kalyan Chand and Garhwal King Pradip Shah. Rohilla captured Kumaon and Garhwal King helped Kumaon.
  Due to advice of Harsh Dev Joshi, Pradip Shah attacked on Kumaon and had to get defeat.
  Lalit Shah got Kumaon Kingdom for his son Pradyuman Shah. Pradyuman Shah  ruled Kumaon but came back to Garhwal.
   By enlarge, there had been non cordial relations between Garhwal Kingdom and Kumaon Kingdom. People had to suffer a lot due to wars between two Kingdoms. Mughal could exploit both the Kingdoms because hostile relationship between Garhwal and Kumaon. Gorkha could win Kumaon and later on Garhwal due to enmity between two Kingdoms.   However, socially, the bordering Kumaoni and Garhwalis were cordial with each other.





     
   
 
 

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 5/11/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -474 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued

XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
XX

          History Aspects of Lifestyle in Garhwal in pal /Shah Era

Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -38 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -227     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -475 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

                                    Low Density Inhabitation   
   Garhwal as today too, had 79% hilly area. There are Snow Belt and baron belt in Garhwal. Forests were there in every village area.
   The boundary areas were always baron when there were wars and conflicts between Kumaon and Garhwal or between Rohillas and Garhwal.  In south, in Bhabhar, after Rohillas invasion there was a 58 miles long and five to six miles wide strip of land under Garhwal. The Kotridun where Mavakut fort was there was baron. Once, Jaydev grew indigo in this region. Patlidun also became inhabitant less due to continuous invasion from South. Doon valley was always disturbed by the attacks of Rohillas, Gujjar, Rakhad, Sikh, Rajput and Rohillas and low density population was there in Dehradun region. Haridwar was also always effected by conflicts and low density was also there.
                                                Cities
     Garhwal had 99 % population in villages. Shrinagar was called a city. The area of Shrinagar was less than one square mile. The population of Shrinagar was around six to seven thousand only.
                 Dehradun was not city. There was big village surrounding Guru Ram Rai Darbar. In 1827, there were 518 houses and 2116 people around Guru Ram Rai Darbar.
             In 1827, in Devprayag, there was one of one and half thousand people. Haridwar was having population but not large.
                                  Bajar/Hat/Ghat or Markets

   There were small business centers in Garhwal. A few markets were Toll Tax collection centers. Following Market places were famous Toll tax centers where population was more -
Badhat 
Laldhang
Chaukighat
Lakadghat
Khohdwar 
Armound Bhotantik region following market places were there
Mana
Joshimath
Jelam
Malari or Markha
Bampa or Bhwan
Gamsali
Neeti (saunas)
Haridwar was also market place.
                         Villages
              In 1822, the population of British Garhwal (Pauri, Chamoli and Rudraprayag) was 3457.
 There were 400 villages in Dehradun in Pradyuman Shah Period. The number of villages in Tehri Garhwal and Uttarkashi would be around 1000 or so. Dr Dabral assess that there would be number of villages in Garhwal including Dehradun around 5000 or 5500 before 1805.
                        Population of a Village
  In 1796, Hardwicke described the path from Kotdwara to Shrinagar and described that there were villages having hardly six or eight huts. A village having ten huts was called big village. In Bhotantik region, villager was bigger and denser.
   In 1822, there were 3457 villages and 19302 houses (huts ,  mud houses or so)  in British Garhwal (Pauri, Chamoli and Rudraprayag). It means before Gorkhali, there were 31000 Houses in Garhwal Kingdom. Two or three families used to live together in one hut. There might be 62000 families before Gorkha period. In 1881, the average members in one family was counted 7.3.



Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 7/11/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -476 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued


XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
XX
                                                           Swacch Bharat ! स्वच्छ भारत !

   History Review of Religious Demography of Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period

          History Aspects of Lifestyle in Garhwal in pal /Shah Era -3

Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -40 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -229     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -477 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)


                    Muslim Population in Garhwal, Haridwar and Bijnor

                   Population of Muslim in Bijnor district
 According to 1901 census, the Muslim population of Bijnor district was 11606 around Nazibabad and Nagina regions. Caste wise Muslim population was as under –
Yusufzai- 3160
Kakars- 548
Ghilzais-414
Other clans were included Mohmmadzai, Bangas; Sherwani and Barukhel.
                 Haridwar
 Rohollas were there in west Haridwar more.
                          Muslims in Garhwal
   The Muslim population was half percent in Garhwal in end of Shah Period. There were a few families of Rohillas in Dehradun but Pradyumanshah dispatched them out of Garhwal. Till 1827, there was no Mosque in Dehradun or Garhwal.
 There were sixty seventy families in Shrinagar before British Raj and no Mosque was there. They were pity shopkeepers, Dhol Makers, lather meker, Weavers, perfume makers and sellers etc. There were muslim prostitutes too from those Muslim families.
          In Khoh, Malani River bank of Salan region, there were Ggujjar. In some places as in langur , there were Muslims were called Jogibeta or Chautikat.  Some were Dafli players and those migrated to Tehri later on.
 There were Chudi (bangle makers) makers in some villages here and there.
                         
               The village Muslims might be initially, strong followers of Islam but later on they also followed Hindu culture and religious customs as Devta Nachana etc.
                  Muslims were free to buy Slaves. They were free to marry with Harijan women. The Slave buyers from Bijnor, Haridwar and Sahranpur used to buy slaves from Garhwal. The women who married to Muslims became Muslims.
                                    Muslims in Army
                    There were Muslim soldiers for using Tufang, Gun, Ban types of gun powder weapons in Garhwal Army. Muslim soldiers were used for specific purpose.
                                 Christians in Garhwal
            There were no Christians in Garhwal before British took over the Kingdom.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 9/11/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -478 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued


XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
XX
History Review of Religious Demography of Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Review of Religious Demography of Haridwar Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Review of Religious Demography of Chamoli Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Review of Religious Demography of Pauri Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Review of Religious Demography of Rudraprayag Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Review of Religious Demography of Tehri Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Review of Religious Demography of Uttarkashi Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period;   History Review of Religious Demography of Dehradun Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Review of Religious Demography of Bijnor at Pal /Shah Period;       


                                                Swacch Bharat ! स्वच्छ भारत !