MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

               War Preparation by Nepal Army in Palpa and West of Kali River

           Anglo Nepalese War with   Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -11
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -132   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -653

                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student) 

               Due to suggestion from Prime Minister Bhim Sen Thapa and his father Ambar Singh Thapa the Palpa in charge, the Nepal King decision for having head on with East India Company. Nobody expected that East India Company would attack from various front. Nepalese strategists presumed that the Company army would attack in Syuraj and Butbal regions and will calm down after capturing those areas. The strategists were sure that the  Company would not make move in Hill interiors.
          In past in Kinlauk Campaign, the Company had to retreat the army. Nepalese High command was sure that in Himachal to, the Company would be busy in plains and would not dare attacking Hills.
    The Nepalese King took decision for capturing Syuraj and Butbal from East India Company. Nepal King ordered to Ambar Singh in case of Company took revenge the Nepalese Army should be ready for defense. King ordered to Ambar Singh on 24th April 1814) for taking the following measures –
1-Store Food Grains as much as it was possible.
2- Establish Army Offices from Gandalk River to Salayn of Nepal.
4- Appoint soldiers as you could
5- Take the properties of those who deny entering into Army from age of 12 to 40
6-Offer one Ser (approximately Kilo) rice till he serves Army
7- I have called all men that we can establish Army station
8-You strengthen the Nuvakot fort near Palpa. We are deputing 500 soldiers for assisting you
9- Dispatch information for every event on  daily basis
           Ambar Singh started war preparation with zeal. He had 1200 soldiers with his battalion and he increased the numbers.
                   Nepalese Preparation for War in West of Kali River

           The Nepalese officials of West of Kali River were not agreement to have head on with East India Company. However, after getting orders from the King, they also started war preparation. Nepal Court sent more soldiers in Kumaon. In Garhwal, Dehradun and Himachal, the officials started repairing of fort and establishing new Army centers. The Nepalese officials stated appointing soldiers and started storing food grains.


   

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 29/6/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -653
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx

                 British Strategies for Destroying Trio Hindu Powers -1

           Anglo Nepalese War with   Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -13
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -134   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -655

                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student) 

     When in early 1814, Governor General Hastings and others came to know about Butwal massacre by Nepalese it was obvious that British had to go for war to retain the territory and lost prestige. However, the common people and many Company officials and supporters had perception that Nepal would calm down after a couple of altercations.
           Nugent the Ex Army Chief of East India Company had an opinion that the war would not be bigger and Company had been winner in small disputes with Nepal. Hastings had already sent the reports of altercations with Nepal to the Company Directors. In February 1814, Company Directors sent order to Hastings for using arms against Nepalese encroachments. Directors were of opinion that the action would be small time battle. However, Hastings had another strategy. Hastings planned long term war with Nepal from various fronts and Directors were unaware about Hastings opinion.
                    Has Directors would be aware of Hastings strategies they would have never given permission to Hastings for starting war with Nepal (Premble).
              Hastings was of opinion that Nepalese small altercations were not small ones but they were indication of danger for Company’s existence. Hastings had large army experiences and had support from Court and prince. Hastings had plan to capture all Indian Kingdoms for East India Company. His aim was expanding British Rule.
      Hastings studied and analyzed that Three Hindu Powers were eager to take place of Mogul Empire- Maratha, Sikh and Gurkha. Those Three Hindi Powers had surrounded the Company Territory from North, South and West.  Hastings had opinion that there must be secret treaty among those Three Hindu Powers.
               Nepalese Ambassadors in Maratha and Sikh Kingdoms
  There was no doubt that Nepal Court and its members were always eager for deputing its ambassadors to other Kingdoms especially Maratha and Sikh courts.  In April 1813, the Nepalese diplomat Padmapani reached to the camp of Daulatrav Scindia at Gwalior. In August 1814, he sent a letter to Bhim Sen Thapa that Daulat Rao Scindia had assured that Daulat Rao would help Nepal in Nepal-British war.
   In February 1815, the Nepalese Diplomat Prithvivilas took letter from Amar Singh Thapa to Ranjit Singh Court. Amar Singh Thapa suggested a long strategy against British. A letter from Amar Singh Thapa to Nepal court suggests that there was a secret treaty between Thapa and Ranjit Singh (Chaudhari, Indo-Nepalese Relations). The treaty was that if Amar Singh Thapa became successful against British, Ranjit Singh would also attack on East India Company.
  When after Sigauli treaty, the East India Company ambassador Edward Gardner reached to Nepal Court he also informed that there was secret Treaty among Nepal, Scindia and Ranjit Singh against British. Historian Chaudhari also vouched that there was secret accord among Nepal, Scindia and Ranjit Singh before Anglo-Nepalese war. After war, it came out that Pune Peshva also encouraged having war with British. Peshva was hopeful that in case Company was engaged with war in hills  he would take advantage against British.
  Nepalese Historian Chitranjan Nepali (General Bhim Sen Thapa ar Tatkalin Nepal) writes that Nepal was not only having interested to have treaty with Indian Kings but with the rulers of China, Burma, Tibet and Persia to go against British. When Anglo Nepalese war started in 1814,  BhimSen Thapa asked help from various Indian Kings and rulers of China and Tibet. Maratha, Sikh, Rohila were dissatisfied with British polices of expansion and Nepal Prime minster sent his emissaries to various parts of India and other countries.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 2/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -656
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx

                         Hastings’s Preparation for War with Nepal

           Anglo Nepalese War with   Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -15
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -136   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -657

                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student) 

                  Fundamental Problems in Tarai for East India Company Soldiers

                  Warren Hastings had already decided that the Company would not destroy Nepal but would weaken drastically. Hastings wanted breaking Nepal backbone. The Company soldiers were experienced of battles in plains. There was long Tarai region between East India Company territory and Nepal Hill region. Tarai region had fundamental problems for human beings. Malaria was very common disease in summer and rainy season.  The dense forests and marsh land of Tarai and Bhabhar in rainy season were hurdles in transporting arms, ammunition and armed forces. It was compulsion that attack on hill regions of Nepal was possible from October only.  Hastings was aware that he had to prepare for war within five months from April. It was essential that the Company Army had to be nearest places of Nepal borders.
                           Major Gurkha Army Centers /Terrains 

                      The Nepal border with India was more than eight hundred miles. It was not easy to suppress such enemy where border was so long.  Nepal had following major Army centers –
Kathmandu – There used to be five to six hundred soldiers as it was in centre place.
Palapa- There were around twelve hundred soldiers under Ambar Singh Thapa.
Doti or East of Kali River- In various forts (Gadhi) there were more than thirty five hundred soldiers.
 West of Kali River- There were more than thirty five hundred soldiers in various places of Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal. Out of those 3500 soldiers, Amar Singh Thapa had two third soldiers of those numbers.
          Hastings made plan that in any case, the Nepalese soldiers would not gather at one place and they would also not make riots in company territories. Hastings decided to attack at various strategic places to Nepal Army.
                   War Strategies of Hastings
               Hastings decided to have two major portions for making strategy.
1-East of Kali River- Gurkha captured various Nepalese territories from small Kings. Gurkha were more organized here in Nepal Territory.
2- West of Kali River- Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal were in that territory. The citizens and local administers were totally dissatisfied from Nepalese suppression. The People of Garhwal and Himachal were ready to help those powers who could free them from Gurkha oppression.
   Hastings made war strategy as follows to attack on Major Nepalese Army centers simultaneously
1-Makwanpur Territory- Major General Marley was in charge of First Davison of Dinapur. Major general Marley was to seize the Gandak and Bagmati pas, the key to Nepal and push to Kathmandu.  Major General Marley was commander for 6500 soldiers.
2- Major General Wood the in charge of Banaras was shifted to Gorakhpur army station and he had 4000 soldiers and he was supposed to go forward towards Kathmandu  and try to capture first Tansen and then Palpa. Wood had to break the supply, communication  and transportation line between Doti and Kathmandu and Kumaon-Garhwal to Kathmandu.
            West of Kali River Army Strategy
1-There were permanent 4500 soldiers in Saharanpur with Major General Gillespie and he was supposed to reach to Dehradun and Kiyardoon. Major General had to capture ports of Yamuna and Ganga and should be ready for any help required here and there.
2- Brigadier General Ochterlony (alias Akhtar Loni ) was stationed in Ropar and was having 6000 soldiers. Ochterlony was asked to head on with Amar Singh Thapa in Himachal Hills.
Additional battalion- Major Latter stationed at Titliya south of Darziling  was having 2000 army men. He was supposed to look after Koshi eastwards.
Reserve Army- 1550 Rohilla Pathan were appointed by Haider Hearsay and trained. 
The army commanders at Rangpur were supposed to defend East territory as Purniya and Rangpur.




** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 4/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -658
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx

                 Commotion in Nepal due to British Army Activities

Anglo Nepalese War with   Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -17
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -138   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -659

                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student) 

                      Warning Letter to Nepal by Hastings

                Before, rainy season ends, there could not be war. Warren Hastings used that period for consolidating the armed forces at strategic places and arranging necessary war supply.  Along with planning, preparation for future war, Governor General Hastings sent a warning letter to Nepal Court on 14th June 1814 (John Premble).
            Hastings wrote that “Nepal King should compare the aggression of British Officials with the ruthless, non caring methods, deceptive methods of Nepal officials. Nepal should look into attack of Gurkha army on British territory, the killings, suppression of Nepal army on the subjects of British occupied territories. If Nepal government declared that Nepal Government did not hand on these cruel methodologies then Nepal Court should punish the culprits. If Nepal wanted war with the East India Company then there would be more trouble for Nepal. Nepal would be responsible for war. Nepal should remember that whoever tried in India that King lost the war with the Company”.
             In July –August 1814, Commander Bradshaw captured those twenty two villages taken by Nepalese army in past.  Gurkha soldiers put poison into well of those villages to dispatch Company soldiers. In August end, Bradshaw captured Kachhurava Police Station from Gurkha army.
            On 12th August 1814, Nepal King sent a letter to Governor General to free the captured land of Nepal and put ultimatum that in case Company did not free the captured territory Nepal would take necessary step for its defense.
 Governor General stopped reacting and communicating with Nepal.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 7/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -660
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,

                War Preparation in Doti, Kumaon and Garhwal

Anglo Nepalese War with   Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -19
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -140   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -661

                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student) 
          The Gurkha/Gorkha army officials of Doti, Kumaon and Garhwal became restless by getting information about East India Company’s various war preparation activities in Moradabad, Saharanpur.
         As per instruction from Nepal Court, army officials of Doti, Kumaon and Garhwal started preparation for coming war. Nepalese guessed that east India would be planning for capturing Khairogarh Fort. Gurkha army built a couple of fort by clay and stones in Mundiyaghat and Banvasi at the Sharda River Bank. A few months back Nepal court called back regional Army Chief Hastidal Chautariya from Doti. Doti people liked Hastidal Chautariya. Nepal court sent back Hastidal to Doti. Nepal Court handed over the Khairogarh fort region protection to Hastidal. Vikramshah the family member of the ex ruler of Doti who became regional chieftain of Nepal Court was handed over responsibility for recruiting new soldiers.
                Nepalese regional commanders had spies in Saharanpur, Moradabad, and Barely. Those spies were local people. British officers could not find those spies. There were hundreds of Rohila Pathans in Rampur and Moradabad who used to fight battle on contract basis. They were free at that time. Gurkha commanders appointed those contractual soldiers in their army and put them in Kumaon and Doti.
        In Bhabhar region, Gurkha commanders also appointed sacked Jamindars and landlord or tax Contractors of East India Company for war purposes. Mostly, they were looters, deceivers and cruel. Gurkha appointed such Jamindar for collecting tax from Haridwar Bhabhar to Bilhari Bhabhar. Gurkha had assumption that those cunning men would offer secret knowledge about East India Company from south region of Kumaon and Garhwal.
        Gurkha commanders of Kumaon (including Doti) and Garhwal also started increasing guns and ammunition in the region. For gun powder manufacturing, Gurkha Commanders bought huge quantity of sulfur and Sajja clay from Nazibabad businessmen. Secretly, Gurkha commanders contacted businessmen of Kashipur, Rudrapur, Moradabad, Nazibabad, Kankhal, Saharanpur etc for getting various materials supply. Gurkha commanders were always in search of those businessmen who did have non cordial relation with the Company. Gurkha used to exchange letters in secretes language with their friend in the above Company Territories. East India Company had a notorious businessman Beniram in Kashipur Factory. Company sacked him for his deceives. Benram contacted Bamshah the regional Gurkha Commander of Kumaon. When Company arranged two commercial exhibitions, Gurkha with the help of Beniram arranged two commercial Exhibitions in Kumaon. Beniram got monopoly over export of turmeric and other items from Kumaon. His son started trading plubus, zinc and Sajja clay and started exporting to Kumaon. Beniram and his son earned thousands of rupees in the above transactions. 

 
** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 9/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -662
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,