Author Topic: History of Gorkha Rules over Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh (Read 56059 times)

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #90 on:** April 19, 2015, 10:01:53 AM »

Paper Industry in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Rule

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 30
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -95
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -614
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Garhwali used to use Satpura or Setbaduva Tree for making paper. The bark was used for paper making. The rice curry was pasted on the refined bark of above tree. The paper was sent to Shrinagar and Almora. The paper was exported to Wholesale Markets in Nepal, Tibet and Indian Plains.
Most of all records of Gorkha Administration are written on Garhwal paper. Tapovan was the centre of Paper Making. This paper was called Pahadi Kagaj.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 19/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -615
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Old Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Old Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Kumaun in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Uttarakhand in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Upper Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in North Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Garhwal, Uttarakhand History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Dehradun, Uttarakhand ; History Discussion on Forest Management in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Discussion on Forest Management in Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Analysis of water Resource Management and Crafts in Garhwal under Gurkha /Gorkha Rule; Downfall in Cotton and Dress Material Industries in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #91 on:** April 20, 2015, 09:54:49 AM »

Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 31
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -96
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -615
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
In Gurkha Period, Gurkha administration not only destroyed the local crafts and craftsmanship, indigenous innovative arts and artisans but also disregard the high caliber literature, astrologer scholars. Garhwal Kings used to shelter to poets, artists, painters, Sanskrit and other language Literature Creative, Musicians, Music artists, scholars etc. However, baring Maularam, Gurkha administration totally ignored Creative people in Garhwal.
Swami Shashidhar Kinkaleshwar Temple
Swami Shashidhar was attached to Kinkaleshwar Temple Pauri. It is said that (Dr Dabral) Swami Shashidhar established idol in Kinkaleshwar Temple. There is less known about Swami Shashidhar (Bhakta Drashan, Garhwal ki Divangat Vibhutiyan). Swami Shashidhar was apriest and having all the characteristics of a Priest. He expired in 1825. Shashidhar never aimed to please ruling administrators. That was the reason that Gorkha did not offer land to Kinkaleshwar Temple.
Swami Shashidhar was a Braj Poet and he wrote Braj poetries with Garhwali words. Swami Shashidhar wrote following Poetries-
Dohavali
Gyandeep
Sacchidanand Lahri
Yogpremavali
Dr Pitamber Datt Barthwal brought Shashidhar in lime light.
** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 20/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -616
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History Gurkha Disregarding Scholars of Garhwal, Disregard for Braj Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Sanskrit Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Astrologers Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Creative Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Innovative Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period;

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #92 on:** April 21, 2015, 09:15:31 AM »

Long Poetry Poet Vishnudas: A Prominent Braj Language Poet of Gurkha/Gorkha Period in Garhwal

Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -2

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 32
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -97
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -616
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Gurkha /Gorkha Administration disregarded the scholars of Garhwal and did not offer shelters any type of scholars.
However, creative scholars were busy in creating literature of different kinds by their own.
One of prominent scholars was Braj Long Poetry Poet Vishnudas. Barrister Mukandilal brought Braj Poet Vishnudas of Garhwal in lime light. The manuscript of Long Braj Poetry ‘Rukmani Mangal ‘ by Poet Vishnu Das was found with the manuscripts of Maularam with heirs of Maularam. The drawing artists as Maularam drew arts on the basis of poetries by Vishnudas in ‘Rukmani Mangal’. That is why historians as Dr S.P Dabral state that Braj Poet Vishnudas was contemporary to Maularam.
Vishnudas was great Braj poet but could not get fame as Gorkha Administrators were not interested at all for offering situation to Literature Creators and Scholars becoming Famous in Garhwal and out of Garhwal.
The emotions, the raptures, the style of Long Braj Poetry of ‘Rukmani Mangal’ are remarkable and prove that Vishnudas was one of great Braj Language Poets.
Mukandilal got the part of ‘Rukmani Mangal’ manuscript from cosine of Balakram (heir of Maularam) of Shrinagar. Barrister Mukandilal handed over the manuscript to Dr Joshi the director of Lucknow Museum. However, now, nobody knows whereabouts of that valuable manuscript.

*Dr Dabral had offered chronological accounts of various manuscripts of Maularam including Vishnudas in Memorial book on Mukandilal edited by Bhaktdarshan.
** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 21/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -617
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History Gurkha Disregarding Scholars of Garhwal, Disregard for Braj Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Sanskrit Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Astrologers Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Creative Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Innovative Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period;
History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Garhwal; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Dehradun Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Haridwar Garhwal, Uttarakhand;

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #93 on:** April 22, 2015, 11:07:32 AM »

Vasvanand Bahuguna: The Great Astrologer of Garhwal of Gurkha Period
Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -3

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 33
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -98
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -617
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
Gurkha administration never supported scholars of Garhwal in their regime. However, individually, tens of scholars were famous scholars at that time too.
Vasvanand /Vasva Nand Bahuguna was one of such Astrologers of Garhwal in Gurkha Period who was also famous in Punjab of Ran Singh.
Himalaye Swargsamanbhumau prakhyat bahugun-viprashyh
Tapodhanh suryasmanteja shrivasvanand dwijo babhuv
(In collection of Shridharanand Bahuguna, Reference; Prem Datt Chamoli, Sanskrit ko Garhwal ki Den, page 239-241)
There is no knowledge of birth place of Astrologer Vasvanand Bahuguna) (Dr Dabral wrote Bhardwaj instead of Bahuguna). Dr Dabral stated that Ramdatt Jyotirvid of Kumaon brought ‘Prashnasindhu’ by great astrologer Vasvanand in lime light. Dr Prem Datt Chamoli states that Nirnay Sagar Press published ‘Prashnasindhu’ in 1896. Venkateshwar Press Mumbai published ‘Prashnasindhu’ in 1905.
In ‘Prashnasindhu’, Vasvanand offered his introduction that his grandfather was Guna Nand and father name was Lilanand. Vasvanand mention that while living in prosperous western country, at Sujanpur, he completed ‘Prashnasindhu’ on Sanvat Shake 1739, (29th January 1818) Friday. His father Lilanand was Court Astrologer of Garhwal King. Vasvanand was also Court Astrologer for Garhwali Shah King. That means that he was born before 1790 and expired around 1830 (Bhakta Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangat Vibhutiyan).
Vasvanand travelled Mayakoti, Kimaota, Saudi, Matargaon etc.
When British rule started he ran away from Shrinagar or his native place (Kuthar or Pokhri) and travelled to Dhangu, Udaipur Garhwal, Nazibabad, Punjab and Indore. King Ranjit Singh was impressed by knowledge of Vasvanand.
Prashnasindhu an Astrology Book
Vasvanand Bahuguna wrote more than three books but ‘Prashnasindhu’ is available now (Dr. Prem Datt Chamoli). in the introduction of
In the introduction of ‘Singh Makarsth Guru Meemansa’, Pundit Vasvanand Khanduri mentions a book ‘Muhart Sar’ by Vasvanand Bahuguna
Prashna Sindhu starts for prayers of Shripati, Ganesh, Shiva, and Parvati. There are solutions for various problems and questions through various Signs (Chinh).
Vasvanand Bahuguna divided ‘Prashnasindhu’ into ‘Taranga’ and not Adhyaya or Chapters. There are following Tarangas in ‘Prashnasindhu’ by Astrologer Vasvanand –
1-Shubhashubhnamk
2-Gamagmashya
3-Jayajayashya
4-Chaurvidhanashya
5-Mishrakashya
6-Doshabhidhan:
7-Jalabhidhan
8-Vanshobhidhan
Great Astrologer Vasvanand explained and describes the signs of auspicious and non auspicious signs and their respective results. As the sound of Shanka, Mridang, Veena, Hathi , Hans, gau, Ghoda are auspicious signs and Gadha , Bhains are non auspicious Signs.
In Gamagmanshya, Great Astrologer Vasvanand discusses about travel, arrivals reaching etc.
Mishrakashya Taranga
Mishrakashya Tarang is largest one having 25 Poems.
In Mishrakashya Taranga, Great Astrologer Vasvanand talks about miscellaneous subjects as –
Colors of Navgrahas and Akar (form descriptions)
Mansi Chitta Vichar (Psychological questions and conclusions for astrology)
Paraspar Prem Prashna (Love Dialogues between questioners)
Santati me Kanya-Putra Labh (Astrological conclusions about daughter and Son birth)
Vivah (Marriages)
Dhanlabh( Profits)
Stricharitra (Characteristics of Women)
Saras aur Neeras( Pleasure and Non Pleasure Aspects)
Bhojanprapti (Aspects of Food)
Swapna (Dreams and their meanings)
Sidhi (Accomplishments)
Doshabhidhan Taranga
Doshabhidhan Taranga is also important. There are importances of following aspects in recovering a patient –
Gram devta or village deity
Kul devta (Family Deity)
Narsingh deity
Pitar (forefathers)
Pretbhaya (Fear from deceased Souls)
Vat, Pit and Kaf descriptions their effects and curing
Same way, Astrologer offers various aspects of Astrology in other Taranga of ‘Prashnasindhu’.
The language and style of ‘Prashnasindhu’ is simple and easy to follow too. Vasvanand mentions his name at the end of each Taranga.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 22/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -618
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Astrology and Astrologers in Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Pauri Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Chamoli Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Tehri Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Dehradun Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Haridwar Garhwal; Sanskrit Scholars of Garhwal; Sanskrit Scholars of Garhwal, Uttarakhand ; Sanskrit Scholars of Garhwal, Himalaya ; Sanskrit Scholars of Garhwal, North India; Sanskrit Scholars of Garhwal, South Asia;
::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #94 on:** April 23, 2015, 09:42:24 AM »

Chaitu and Manku: Who Painted ‘Rape of the Yadav Women ‘and ‘Krishna Tax from a Gopi’
Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -4

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 34
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -99
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -618
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

( Barrister Mukandi Lal is credited for popularizing the history of Garhwali ChitrKala or Garhwali art all over the globe. Dr Bhakt Darshan, Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral and dr Yashvant Singh Katoch, Dr shiv Prasad Naithani, Mohan Lal Babulkar, Dr Shiv Bahadur singh, Shri Budhi Ballabh Dyundi and Shrimati Durgavati Dyundi are praised for researches and popularizing Garhwali art and its history)
Chaitu and Manku brothers or contemporary artists were famous artists of Garhwal, Himalaya. Though, there is no agreement among the historian for the village of Chaitu and Manku and their life span, most of the historians and artists claim that Chaitu and Manku were contemporary artists of famous poet and artist Maularam (1743-1833)
Chaitu and Manku were born in village Rampur of Chalansyun Patti, Pauri Garhwal. Dr Katoch says that Chitram or Chaitu and Manak Ram or Manku were the last of Phadi Kala (Garhwali art) generation.
Both lived in Shrinagar then the capital of Garhwal.
N C Mehta, Chakravatrti, Carl Khandlwala and Randhava did researches on Chaitu amnd Mankram .
The paintings named ‘ Yadviyon ka Haran or Rapes on Yadav Women’ and ‘krishn Dwara Kar Vasuli or Tax by Krishna’ are famous paintings of Chaitu and there are signatures of Chaitram on both the paintings.
There is signature of ‘Chetaye te gher de‘ (From the house of Chaitu) ‘ on a painting ‘Rukmani Haran’ painting (is in Bharat Kala Sangrah)
According to N C Mehta, Manku is famous for ‘ Geet Govind’ paintings
There is distinct effects of Kangada style on all the paintings of Chaitu and Manku.. Krishna is in the dress of Mogul style.
Ashoka Jeratha ( Dogra Art and Legend, page 127-28) offered many arguments to proof that Manku and Chaitu were not Garhwali but belonged to Kangra. Ashoka tried to proof that Chaitu was from the family of Sue.
** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 22/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -618
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand
Xx

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #95 on:** April 24, 2015, 10:26:35 AM »

Maularam /Moularam: Distinguished Artist and Poet of Garhwal of Gorkha period
Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -5

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 35
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -100
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -619
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram (1743-1833) was the father of Garhwal Painting. Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram witnessed Garhwal Shah Kingdom, Gurkha Period and British rule too. Before Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram, Garhwal King did not patronize Painters.
Two painters of Mughal School Sham Das and Kehar das came to Garhwal with Mughal Prince Suleman Sikoh (Son of Dara Sikhoh). Mogul Prince was sent back to Delhi with force of Aurangzeb. Sham das and Kehar Das remained in Shrinagar Garhwal. Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram was descendent of Sham das and Kehar Das. He created historical poetries about Garhwal Kingdom, Nepal Kingdom and then he wrote about British Period too. Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram was also painter.
Pradyumn Shah took back some part of Jagir of Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram thinking that Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram was faithful to Jaikirti Shah. Pradyumn Shah also took the Ganika (dancer or Keep) of Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram.
When Gurkha took over Shrinagar, Amar Singh Thapa and Hastidal Chautariya assured him for returning his Jagir and daily allowance. However, Gurkha did not return the Jagir or retained Jagir etc.
Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram reached to Nepal and met Nepal King Ranbahadur. Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram created poetry in praise of Ranbahadur awarded by precious gifts and ordered for retention of Jagir for Mola Ram. However, local Gurkha administrators of Shrinagar did not return Jagir and daily allowances of Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram.
Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram wrote poetries in praise of Nepal King Geervarnvikramshah and King Geervarnvikram Shah retained Jagir of Maularam (1808). Even then Gurkha administrators again stopped Jagir and other allowances of Moularam. Maularam went again Nepal and requested Bhim Sen Thapa for retaining his Jagir and allowances. Nepal Court retained third time the Jagir of Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram. The order was sent with Kunwar Beerbhadra.
When Ranjor Thapa and Kunwar Beerbhadra won the Mornai Fort of Sirmour, Maularam reached to Sirmaur and he praised both the warriors. Ranjor awarded Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram a horse and a Jagir of Panwatagaon. However, Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram did not get benefits from Panwatgaon.
In 1811, Kaji Bahadur Bhandari and Dashrath Khatri stopped Jagir and reduced allowances of Mola Ram to half.
However, Maularam continued his poetic creation and painting
. Dr S.P Dabral and his son Dr Vinay Dabral also did research on and edited his book Garhrajvanshkavya and published in 1977. Learned History scholar Dr Ajay Rawat published Ganika Natika or Garh Gita in 1975.
In a note on Internet (Third Inning) , Dr Tolia mentioned that Dr Dwarika Prasad met Dr Dwarika Prasad Tomar descendent of Mola Ram/Maula Ram and had an opportunity see the following texts–
Mola Ram /Maula Ram Granthvali
Chaturmas Shringar Varnan
Uttarakhand Teerth Mahatamaya
Samudrik Bhasha Gyan
Baramasi Varnan
Manmanth Panth
Manmanth Panth Nirman
Manmanth sagar
Gyanmrit Kavya
IShwar Mahima
His book Garhrajvanshkavya and Ranbahadurchandrika m, Shamsherjangchandrika offer many insights about Garhwal History.
However, Dr Dabral informed that a few or six manuscripts of Mola Ram /Maula Ram are missing. Dr Dabral visited a scholar Budhi Vallabh Thapliyal for Mola Ram /Maula Ram manuscripts. Budhi Vallabh Thapliya got seven poetic Moa Ram /Maula Ram manuscripts including Manmantha Sagar from Baijnath Tomar, Shrinagar the grandson of Mola Ram /Maula Ram in1947. In 1948, Thaplaiyal exhibited those manuscripts in Pauri City. The poetries were written on Pahadi Kagaj (Hill Paper) and black ink. On 7th May 1972, Thapliyal informed Dr Dabral that since, there were some mistakes (spelling point of view) in manuscripts, Thapliyal handed over the manuscript to Gairola an Archeological Chemist of Archeological Department. Thapliyal wanted to check the authenticity of age of ink and paper. Gairola informed to Thapliyal that a person took those manuscripts. When Dr Dabral published Gurkhyani (Uttarakhand ka Itihas -5) , Gairola shifted to Bangkok.
There was historical account of Garhwal in Manmanthsagar.
Dr Dabral again offer another important information that When Gurkha/Gorkha commander Kaji Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat reached to Shrinagar in 1810, he met Mola Ram /Maula Ram. Basnyat heard the un- bias historic accounts in poetic form from Mola Ram/ Maula Ram. Basnyat was pleased and he offered gifts to Maula Ram / Mola Ram. Dr Dabral mentioned that Mola Ram /Maula Ram created a long poetry as ‘Bakhtawar –Yes-Chandrika’ and there were accounts about Gorkha Rule history in Garhwal.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 24/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -620
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand
Xx

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #96 on:** April 25, 2015, 10:43:25 AM »

Official Language of Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule over Uttarakhand

Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -6

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 36
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -101
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -620
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Before, Gurkha/Gorkha invaded Kumaon and then Garhwal, the official language of Chand Kingdom was Almodya Kumaon and Shrinagrya Garhwali was official Language of Garhwal Kingdom.
After invasion of Gurkha/ Gorkha, Gurkha or Nepali Language became the official language of Uttarakhand and Gurkha territory of Himachal.
Since, there is least differences among these three languages –Nepali, Kumaoni and Garhwali, there was no big problems of language interpretation among rulers and subjects.
Administrators, Nepal court used to write orders or letters in Nepali language only. Court or Administrators used to start letter or copper inscription etc by Sanskrit. First line was used to be a Sanskrit language line of each order or inscription.
At the end of government order or letter ‘Swadattam Pardattaam … ‘Sanskrit Shloka was mentioned compulsorily.
There is no record of any book written in Garhwali, Kumaoni or Nepali in Uttarakhand in Gurkha Period.
Kumaoni, Garhwali or Himachalis used to use their own local dialectal languages for personal uses.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 25/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -621
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal and Official Language; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal and Official Language; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal and Official Language ; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal and Official Language ; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal and Official Language; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal and Official Language; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Himachal and Official Language;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand
Xx

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #97 on:** April 26, 2015, 10:07:45 AM »

Gurkha /Gorkha Ignoring Social Welfare Works
Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -7

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 37
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -102
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -621
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Gurkha/Gorkha totally ignored social welfare in Garhwal and Kumaon in their rule. There is no mention about Gurkha /Gorkha helping hospitals, schools or irrigation system in Kumaon, Garhwal. There was no state sponsored hospital or doctors for offering assistance to patients.
Common Diseases of Garhwal, Kumaon Gurkha Period
There were no remedies for physical injuries and societies had to depend on local Ayurvedic Doctors, Tantrik, and Mantrik, Jagris etc for each disease remedy.
Goiter was common in Bhagirathi valley, Badhan regions.
Epidemics as cholera, small pox, pox, etc were common diseases all over Kumaon, Garhwal.
Different types of Fevers were common across Uttarakhand.
Bhotiya were ill famous for dirty clothing and many diseases.
There were cattle diseases common too.
Jadun Bharin Thupri , Rudi ma Khali Thupri
There was a proverb commonly used ‘Jadun Bharin Thupri , Rudi ma Khali Thupri’ that spoke about diseases of River valleys people and those staying in river bank region. The literary meaning of proverb ‘Jadun Bharin Thupri, Rudi ma Khali Thupri’ is that ‘In Winter the basket is Full but in Summer, the Basket is Empty. The real meaning is that there are newly born children in winter but due to disease all children die in summer near River Bank Valleys.
Miscellaneous Diseases of Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Period
Due to cholera and other epidemics villagers used to run from their houses. Other diseases were –
Toothache (Ghunad)
Ear diseases (bayalu)
Khaj –Khujli
Dag (Skin Disease)
Leucorrhea (Pramey)
Dyspepsia
Liver diseases
Jaundice
Conjunctivitis (Ankh An)
Cateress (Motiyabind)
Haematuri
Cough
Throat Souring
Asthma
Different Types of Body ache
Bronchitis
Inflammation
Diseases of Blood and Bones
Menstrual Disorders
Arthritis
Mental Disorders
Migraine
Burn Wounds
Urinary Disorders
Flatulence
Gangrene
Leprosy
Plague (epidemic)

Some diseases were not named as Heart Attack (Chati fatan) or Caner.

** Most of aspects were taken from Asiatic Researches volume- 11 and Dr Dabral
* History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal in next chapter …

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 26/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -622
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #98 on:** April 27, 2015, 10:24:41 AM »

Highways in Kumaon and Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 38
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -102
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -622
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Temples and Dharmsalyan (religious Rest Houses) in Gurkha Period

Gurkha paid attention on temples and religious rest houses. Gurkha administrators retained land for major temples (sadvart). Amar Singh Thapa repaired Bhaironghati, Kedarnath and Gangotri Temples too. Gurkha built Ghat and Haveli in Haridwar. Gurkha also built or repair a bridge perhaps –Lakhshman Jhula Pul. Bamshah and Rudravir Shah built a few religious rest houses on major temple tour rod.
Highways of Gurkha Period
Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers and officers were habitual to walk on ‘Gurbat’ (In normal circumstances that are used by domestic animals). Therefore, they never paid attention on National Highways or State Highways.
Nazibabad –Shrinagar Highway
In this highway people used to reach from Nazibabad Mandi to Shrinagar. Nazibabad was wholesale market for Garhwalis in terms of export and import. The rout was from Nazibabad to Shrinagar via Kotdwara –Ghat (Bhabhar), Amsaud, Dwarikhal, Banghat, Kanskhet, Adwani to Shringar.
Bulls and horses were used for loading the goods. Garhwal kings used to repair the road when there was need. However, Gurkha/Gorkha did not pay attention on widening or repairing the road.
Hardwick travelled on Nazibabad –Shrinagar route with ease. Saxena comments that the road was broken at many places in Gurkha Period (Historical papers related to Kumaon).
** Most of aspects were taken from Dr Dabral
* History of Highways in Gorkha /Nepal Period in Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal in next chapter …

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 27/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -623
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx
History Highways in Kumaon and Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Highways in Old Nainital Kumaon and Old Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Highways in Old Almora Kumaon and Old Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Highways in Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon and Dehradun Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #99 on:** April 28, 2015, 09:32:24 AM »

Kotdwara -Dehradun Highway in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period

Highways in Kumaon and Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period -2

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 39
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -103
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -623
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
Kotdwara –Dehradun Highway had been important before Nanda Period for various regions. The road was connected to Nazibabad and stoppages were Kotdwara Ghat, Mavakot, Chaukighat, and Lal Dhang in Bhabhar Garhwal. In Shah period, Ravasan River near Laldhang was a dividing place for Awadh and Garhwal territories. At the time of Gurkha, Awadh was under British and Garhwal was under Gurkha. The travelers usually businessmen used to take rest at west part of Rawasan River that was flat and having facilities of water and grass for horses, bulls. Dr Dabral states that there is a Peer Samadhi and a ruined temple at this junction. The travelers used to reach above Haridwar at Lakadghat and used to cross Ganga there. Gorkhali Officers used to levy tax on crossing Ganga at this Ghat. From Lakadghat, road at bottom of Shivalik Hill range was for Dehradun (or Gurudwara).
From Dehradun, travelers used to cross Yamuna and used to reach Kyardadun (Himachal) . From here road was for Nahan (Himachal) and then for Jammu from Nahan (Himachal). There were two roads from Saharanpur via Timli and Mohan. Due to frequent looting attack on Businessmen from Maratha, Sikh, Rohillas on Delhi –Doab road, they preferred this rout for safe business journey.
In Gurkha period, this rout was under Gurkha and was also not safe.

** Most of details were taken from Dr Dabral and Foster, A Journey from Bengal to England

* History of Highways in Gorkha /Nepal Period in Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal in next chapter …

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 28/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -624
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx

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