Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख

[Bhishma Kukreti]

 चीनौ अतिक्रमण से  आश्चर्य किलै ?

                        चबोड़्या -चखन्यौर्या -भीष्म कुकरेती


                अचकाल मीडिया अर संसद मा भारत मा चीनी सेना को अतिक्रमण की छ्वीं लगणी छन अर उत्तराखंड इन्टरनेट सोसल मीडिया मा बि श्री राम चमोली जन संवेदनशील लोगुंन बि यीं बात पर चर्चा कार बल चीन  हमर धरती या लाइन ऑफ ऐक्सेप्टेड कंट्रोलक  उल्लंघन करणु च।
मि तैं ये समौ पर भारतौ वाड सरकाण पर आश्चर्य नि ह्वे।   जी हां मि नि खौंऴयोँ बल भारत की सीमाओं पर चीन   अतिक्रमण करणु च।  या पकिस्तान लाइन ऑफ कंट्रोल को उल्लंघन करणु च।
ये ही समौ पर मियामार या बर्मा बि आँख घुराणु च।
येइ बगत नेपाल बि चीनौ दगड़ सांठ गाँठ करणों बान अलग पक्वड़ पकाणु च !
श्री लंका अर मालदीवो बि ज्यू खयाणु च बल भारत तैं नीचा दिखाये ही जावो !
जु भितरै बात समणि आलि त हम तै पता  जालो कि कखि ना कखि अमेरिका , ब्रिटेन , फ्रांस , जापान बि हम तैं आँख दिखाणा होला अर भौत सि  तिराणा बि होला। 
अर सब खौंऴयाणा छन कि इन किलै ?  जब कि खौंळेणै बाति नी च।
जरा भारत का इतिहास द्याखो त सै।  जरा भारत पर अतिक्रमण या आक्रमण के तिथियों तैं याद कारो त सै त हम पौंला कि भारतम येबरि   इन वातावरण बण्यु च कि जु चाहो हम तैं दनकै सकुद च , हमर सीमा पर आक्रमण सकुद च।
जरा सिकंदर को आक्रमण याद त कारो कि वै समौ कु वातावरण अर आज कु वातावरण अर सिकंदरौ आक्रमणौ समौ मा कुछ बि अंतर नि च।  सिकंदर का समौ पर  क्षत्रप आपस मा कुत्ता -बिरळु  तरां लड़णा छया अर जब क्षत्रप या क्षेत्रीय शक्तियाँ आपस मा एक नि छया।  जब भारत की क्षेत्रीय शक्तियाँ आपस मा गुत्थम -गुत्था ह्वाला त चीन -पाकिस्तान क्या मालदीव बि अतिक्रमण की स्वाचाल कि ना ? आज भारत मा हरेक प्रादेशिक अर ब्लॉक स्तर कि क्षेत्रीय शक्तियां केवल अपण राजनैतिक स्वार्थ का खातिर क्षेत्रीय अस्मिता की बात करणी छन अर देश को हित की अनदेखी करणा छन तो चीन हमारी सीमा पर अतिक्रमण करणु च त इखमा आश्चर्य किलै ? चीन बि जाणदु च बल जब बि कै देश की क्षेत्रीय शक्ति स्वार्थी ह्वे जावन अर जनहित की जगा राजनैतिक हित महत्वपूर्ण ह्वे जावन तो वो देश रक्षा मामला मा अति हीण ह्वे जांदो।
जरा अशोक का बाद या गुप्त काल का बाद को भारतौ  इतिहास याद त कारो तो वै इतिहास मा द्वी ख़ास बात ह्वेन ! एक क्षेत्रीय शक्ति अर विभिन्न धार्मिक शक्तियाँ अति महत्वाकांक्षी अर निम्न स्तरीय स्वार्थी ह्वे गे छ्या अर विदेशी अतिक्रमण का  वास्ता समतल जमीन तैयार करणा छ्या। अशोक का बाद केन्द्रीय शक्ति नाम की कैं बि  शक्ति को नामोनिशान नि छयो।  फिर एक विशेष बात हौरि छे कि मौर्य काल या गुप्त काल मा भारत मा जो निर्माणशाला बणी छे वो बंद हूंद गेन अर भारतीय आर्थिक परिवेश माँ केवल ट्रेडर्स , बणिया , बिचौलिया ही रै गे छया अर ट्रेडिंग , बिचौलियापन निर्माण तै पैथर धकेलदु।  अशोक आर फिर गुप्त  काल का बाद बणियागिरी या ट्रेडिंग अगनै आयि अर निर्माणशाला  या अणसाळ खतम हूंद गेन  अर यां से बाह्य ताकतों तैं भारत पर आक्रमण को मौक़ा मील। 
हूण -शक को आक्रमण अर भारत की धरती पर राज करणों एकि कारण छौ क्षेत्रीय अर धार्मिक शक्ति स्वार्थी ह्वे गे छ्या अर निर्माणशालाओं  को खात्मा हूणु छौ , निर्माण शालाओं की जगा ट्रेडिंग प्रवृति भारत मा फैली गे छे.
फिर मोहमद गौरी , मुहमद गजनी या बाबर को आक्रमण का समौ पर बि भारत मा क्षेत्रीय शक्तियों को हद से जादा स्वार्थी हूण अर केन्द्रीय शक्ति मा जबरदस्त ह्रास हूण , निर्माण की अहमियत खतम हूण -निर्माण की जगा ट्रेडिंग को महत्व हूण की परिस्थिति  छे। 
अंग्रेजुं क भारत मा राज आणो  पैथर बि क्षेत्रीय शक्तियों को अति स्वार्थी हूण अर केन्द्रीय शक्ति की अवहेलना त छैं इ छे दगड़म ट्रेडिंग समाज को बि अंग्रेजों तै शत प्रतिशत सहयोग छौ।
  आज बि भारत मा अति स्वार्थी क्षेत्रीय राजनैतिक शक्तियाँ ,  धार्मिक शक्तियों मा अति स्वार्थ अर निर्माण की जगा ट्रेडिंग तैं महत्व की परिस्थिति छन तो चीन यदि अतिक्रमण क्या आक्रमण बि कारल त इखमा आश्चर्य करणै क्वी बात नी  च .
यदि चीन को अतिक्रमण रुकण त पैल भारत मा विषैली , स्वार्थी क्षेत्रीय शक्तियों पर लगाम लगण चयेंद अर ट्रेडिंग की प्रवृति छोड़िक निर्माण की प्रवृति तैं प्रश्रय मिलण चयेंद , 




Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 9 /9/2013

[Bhishma Kukreti]

Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Arjun Dev Katyuri and His Successors

         (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790)

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 138

      Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Imperialism of Karvipur (Uttarakhand, India) – 22

           
          (Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar, Doti Nepal (Uttarakhand, India))- (1236-1600 AD)

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti
         
                   Maharaja Arjun Dev Katyuri (1290-1316) and his Successors 
   

               There is one inscription of 1307 of Arjun Dev is available. The said inscription suggests that Maharaja Arjun Dev ruled from 1290-1316 AD.
  The regional Khasa chieftain of Danpur became very powerful and Arjun Dev had to establish his capital in Dwarhat.
  Raja Sudhardev built a temple in Dwarhat in 1236.
Raja Mandev Katyuri built temple in Dwarhat in 1337.
Raja Somdev Katyuri built temples in Dwarhat in 1348 and 1354.
Raja Nirnaypal Katyuri built temple in Syunara.
              There are inscriptions of regional kings of Gangoli (under Katyuri super rule) Raja Lingraj Dev, raja Hammerdev and queen Dharldei . The inscriptions of Hammerdev are of 1352 and 1365.
         
               Weakening Katyuri kingdom

This period (1300-1400) saw weakening of Dwarhat Katyuri super rule over Danpur, Gangoli and Baramandal. The regional chieftains under Katyuri kings of Dwarhat became Kings themselves. Though, nominally, these regional chiefs were under Katyuri super rule.

              The Ruins of Dwarhat

There are historical ruins available in Dwarhat, Dera.
The temples of Gujar Deval, Ratan deval, Kacheri, Mrityunjay, Kutumbudi, Bandeval, Badrinath, Maniyan of this region are said to be of twelfth and fourteenth centuries. There are water reservoirs (Naule) of this period in Dwarhat region. The Islamic attackers destroyed many temples and deity sculptures too. There are sculptures of Lakshmi, Ganga, Jamuna, Das Avtar of Vishnu, Shiv-Parvati, Shiv Ling, Sheshyasai Vishnu deities and goddesses.

                          List of Katyuri Kings and Regional chieftains (Mandalik) from 1275-1562

                        Baijnath Doti Katyuri Kingdom
Names----------------------------------------------Approximate Ruling Period 
Mharaja Niranjan dev ----------------------------- 1275-1300
Rajwar Abhaypal of Askot -------------------------1279-?
Rainka Dhir malla of Seera-------------------------- 1279-?
Raja Gurjar Dev of Dwarhat -------------------------1250-1290 (Inscription of 1257)
                      Baijnath-Dwarhat Katyuri Kingdom
Maharaja Arjun Dev -----------------------------------1290-1310 (inscription of 1307)
Maharaja Sudhardev ----------------------- 1310-1337 (inscription of 1316)
Maharaja Mandev --------------------------1337-1348 (inscription of 1337)
Maharaja Somdev------------------------------1348-1368 (inscription of1348/57)
(mandlik) Raja Ramchandra Dev of Gangoli ------------1264-1284 (inscription of 1264)
Two anonymous n kings
Raja Lingrajdev  of Gangoli -------------------------------------1337-1350
Raja Hmammerdev of gangoli ----------------------------------1350-1370 (inscription of 1352/65)
Rani Dharaldei of Gangoli
Khasiya Rule -----------------------------------------------------1370-1420
Manikoti Chand --------------------------------------------------1340-?(inscription of 348)
Raja Niraypal dev of Khagmara ---------------------------------1340-?(inscription of 1348)
Raja Arjun Dev of Syunara -------------------------------------1300-? (Inscription of 1307)
Raja vir Singh dev of Vishaud -----------------------------------1300-?
There are no inscriptions available of Katyuri rulers after 1360. The Katyuris became regional chieftains after 1360.

                    Emergence of Khasa Rule (1370-1420)

          Around 1370, a Khasa Gadhpati captured region from aregional chieftain of Dwarhat Baijnath Katyuri.
In 1420, a Chandra vansi  king of Manikoti snatched the Gangoli regiona from Khasa king.
15 Khasa rulers ruled over Danpur from 1360-1560. There are names of Khasa chieftains –Kadadu and Parsi in inscriptions. Folklores illustrate the Khasa rulers as Kali, Gangu, Bagha, anandu, and their five brothers. Though weak but there was Katyuri rules over Baijnath, Visaud, Syunara, Lakhanpur, Pali Dwarhat.  Chanda King Kirati Chandra won the  Visaud, Syunara, Lakhanpur, Pali Dwarhat Kingdoms in fifteenth century and Rudra Chandra captured Baijnath in sixteenth century.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 9/9/2013

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -139
Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Karvipur Katyuri to be continued...
  (Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History (740-1300 AD to be continued...)
Xx                       xxx
Notes on Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings; Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings of Doti Nepal; Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings of Sui; Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings of Seera; Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings and regional chieftains of Danpur; Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings and regional chieftains of Dwarhat; Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings and regional chieftains of Askot; Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings and regional chieftains of Gangoli; Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings and regional chieftains of Khagmara; Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings and regional chieftains of Syunara; Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings and regional chieftains of Visuad; Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings and regional chieftains of Manasbhumi (Kumaon); Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings and regional chieftains of Baijnath; Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Kings and regional chieftains of Lakhanpur   

[Bhishma Kukreti]

Nari Hakk Kyok Na?: Modern Garhwali  Poem supporting Equal Rights for Women or poetry supporting Feminism

(Critical History and Characteristics of Garhwali Poetry)

                 Review by: Bhishma Kukreti
The western feminists as C.B. Luce, Chesterton, Andrea Dowrkin;  Shirley Chisholm, Claire sergeant, Marlo Thomas, Evelyn Cunningham, Madonna Ciccone, Joseph Conrad and many more fought for women rights. Same way, there was women right movement in Garhwali literature from the beginning of modern Garhwali Literature specially poems.
There are tens poems in Garhwali those vouch for women right.  Gyananand Semwal wrote poetry before 1930 about widow marriage. In his poetry collection, Gyananand Semwal also raised the issue of women right as men have. 
The following Garhwali poem was published before 1930 by Gyananand Semwal prove that Garhwali creators were sensitive for women right
  नारी हक्क क्योक ना  ?
कवि ज्ञानानन्द सेमवाल (1930 से पूर्व )

मगर बोललो सदा सभी से नारी नर को हक्क सामान।
नी तो सब नार्यों कू भय्या मारा लीक तीर कमान।.
जनम की दुखिया रावन ये किलै।  तुम कू तो छ सब आनन्द। 
अनुचित उखमा कुछ भी नी छ , बोल्द खुल्ला ज्ञानानन्द । 

Why does society don't provide equal rights for men and women.
There are all enjoyments for men but there are only pains for women from the birth.
I declare that there is no loss by providing rights to women.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 9/9/2013
Notes on Modern Garhwali Poem supporting Equal Rights for Women or poetry supporting Feminism; Modern Garhwali Poem from Garhwal supporting Equal Rights for Women or poetry supporting Feminism; Modern Garhwali Poem from Uttarakhand supporting Equal Rights for Women or poetry supporting Feminism; Modern Garhwali Poem from Kearkhand supporting Equal Rights for Women or poetry supporting Feminism; Modern Garhwali Poem from Central Himalaya supporting Equal Rights for Women or poetry supporting Feminism; Modern Garhwali Poem from North India supporting Equal Rights for Women or poetry supporting Feminism; Modern Garhwali Poem from SAARC Countries supporting Equal Rights for Women or poetry supporting Feminism; Modern Garhwali Poem from South Asia supporting Equal Rights for Women or poetry supporting Feminism; Modern Garhwali Poem Oriental region from supporting Equal Rights for Women or poetry supporting Feminism; Modern Garhwali Poem before 1930, supporting Equal Rights for Women or poetry supporting Feminism; Early Modern Garhwali Poem supporting Equal Rights for Women or poetry supporting Feminism; Pre independence Modern Garhwali Poem supporting Equal Rights for Women or poetry supporting Feminism;

[Bhishma Kukreti]

Collapse or fall of Katyuri Kingdoms of Dwarhat-Baijnath in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History


         (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790)

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 139

      Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Katyuri Imperialism of Baijnath-Dwarhat- Karvipur (Uttarakhand, India) – 23

           
          (Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar, Doti Nepal (Uttarakhand, India))- (1236-1790 AD)

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti
       The Katyuri lost their kingdom in Baijnath by 1360. There are many historical and folklore evidences for the reasoning of fall, collapse, disintegration, crumbling of Katyuri rule in Baijnath-Dwarhat region. However, three  major reasons are more important for the fall, collapse of Katyuri rule from Dwarhat-Baijnath region.   

                       Shifting of Capital
  Initially the Katyuri capital was in Kartikeyapur (Joshimath region). It was a compulsion that Nar Singh Dev shifted the Katyuri capital at Baidnath Kartikeyapur (Baijnath).
               Baidnath/Baijnath Kartikeyapur was appropriate place as centrally located place to keep eyes on Kedarbhumi (Garhwal) and Manasbhumi (Kumaon).
         Before Krachalla attacked on Katyuris, the Chauhans captured Kedarbhumi (Garhwal). Katyuri kingdom was shrunk to Manasbhumi (Kumaon).
        Niranjan Dev shifted his capital to Doti (today-Nepal). Doti was far away from Baijnath and west Uttarakhand (today's Garhwal, Haridwar, Dehradun, Saharanpur, and Bijnor). One of the reasons for fall of Katyuri imperialism was the shifting attention from super Garhwal region, Haridwar, Saharanpur, Bijnor to Doti.
                      No winnable Strategy to Control Regional ambitions
The regional governors or chieftains became kings of their own territories in western Uttarakhand.  The Katyuri kings of later period did not chalked out a winnable strategy for controlling regional chieftains.

                  Attacks by Muslim Invaders
                        There were continuous Muslim attacks on North India territories and Uttarakhand too from eleventh century till Mogul period.
  The Muslim ruler attacks affected political, social, religious culture of Uttarakhand in each decades from eleventh century till the British took over.
            Arrival of Chauhan warriors and Brahmins
        Due to Muslim attacks in North India, the Chauhan warriors took shelters in hills of Uttarakhand. Slowly they took over Thakurai or Gadh by displacing original Khasya. Along with Chauhans, Brahmins also came and they also took charge of religious and political culture.
  The Chauhans captured rules over Shivalik, Salan, Lakhamandal, Rath-Chanth Mandal and Dumg  mandal.
                 These Chauhans became famous as Jhikwan, Tulsara, Makrola, Parsara, Raut, Dhammada, Bisht, Aswal, Lohman Negi etc.
            Chauhan Gadhpati  of Garhwal, Lalkhamandal, Rath –Chanth were also badly affected due to Muslim attacks.
         
          The rule of Chauhans of Lakhamandal was extended Ambala, Saharanpur including part or total Haridwar, Dhad –Bhabhar of Saharanpur in south, Dehradun, Sirmaur, Jaunsar and hills nearby Jaunsar. It seems Chauhan had rule over Bhabhar of Garhwal.

  Rulers of Lakhamandal Region (Ravain Region of Dehradun) before and after thirteenth century

Unknown kings and successors ---------------------------1230-1250
Rana Devpal ---------------------------------------------------1250-1280
Chauhans or Bahuban of Ekchakra, Sarup, Karndev, Uddharan, Chandrasen, Suryasen, Devsen, 1280-1385
Dumag naresh mangalsen  ----------------------------------------1353-1390
Ratansen----------------------------------------------------------------1390-1420

                       Attack by Iltutmish Mandavar (Haridwar)
                 Sultan Iltutmish attacked on Mandurgarh fort of Shivalik region of Uttarakhand in 1227. This place is recognized as Mandavar or and hills of Chandi.
The minister of Razia Begham took shelter in Sirmaur hills.
                  Attack by Balban
Balban the army chief of Sultan Nasiruddin attacked foot hills of Shivalik region in 1250
 
             Looting by Subedar of Meerut
   The Subedar of Meerut looted the region Haridwar (Mayapur) and Rurki in 1254. Th region was under Rana Devpalof Lakhamandal.
                                          Killing People by Sultan Nasiruddin 
                In 1254, Balban campaigned with army for wining Badaun, Sambhal etc. The army reached by crossing Ganga at Chandi Ghat (Haridwar) and reached to Ram Ganga bank. There was resistance from local chieftain in Tanklavali.  A Muslim army commander Ijjauddin Darmashi was killed at Tanklavali. Sultan Nasiruddin order for killing innocent people. Thousands of people were killed.
           Destruction of Lakhamandal by Balban
           The hakim of Awadh Kutgalkhan took shelter under Rana Devpal at Santur after defeat from Sultan Nasiruddin in 1256. Nasiruddin sent his chief Balban to Lakhamandal. Balban destructed Lakhamandal. Balban killed thousands and thousands Hindus with cruelty.  The killing is one the cruel most killings of Uttarakhand by Muslim rulers.

               Attacks on Uttarakhand by Successors of Changej Khan

             In 1305, the successors of Changej Khan -Alibeg and Tartak attacked India. These blood thirsty reached Shivalik region of Uttarakhand and spread in Yamuna valley. People ran towards east of Ganga. Howevver, the Muslim invaders reached there too and looted, destructed villages.
              The successors of Changej Khan -Alibeg and Tartak destroyed Saharanpur, Haridwar, lakhamandal and Bhabhar of Uttarakhand.
      Destruction by Mohammad Bin Tughlaq

          The campaign of Mohammad bin Tughlaq destroyed eastern Kedarbhumi (east Garhwal) and west Manas  Bhumi (Kumaon  ) in 1338.
                Delhi Sultan Mohammad bin Tughlaq sent army of laksh of cavaliers and armed force to capture central of Himalaya. The attack was on central parts of Kumaon and Garhwal.  They were there in Himalaya for two months and showed their cruelty.  When the army of Sultan Mohammad bin Tughlaq was returning it was rainy season. The army got epidemic. People killed army that was caught in river bank by stones. A few armed men reached back to Sultan Mohammad bin Tughlaq. Sultan Mohammad bin Tughlaq insulted them and killed them in Delhi.
           Howver, there was destruction of armed forces, wealth, materials, people and power of Katyuri king of Dwarhat-Baijnath and king of Devalgarh.

### Read more about Attack by Muslim Sultans in next chapter 
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 9/9/2013

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -140
Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Karvipur Katyuri to be continued...
  (Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History (740-11790 AD to be continued...)
Xx                       xxx
Notes on Collapse or fall of Katyuri Kingdoms of Dwarhat-Baijnath in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Collapse or fall of Katyuri Kingdoms of Dwarhat-Baijnath  of Kumaon  in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Collapse or fall of Katyuri Kingdoms of Dwarhat-Baijnath  ofNorth India  in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Collapse or fall of Katyuri Kingdoms of Dwarhat-Baijnath  of Almora in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Collapse or fall of Katyuri Kingdoms of Dwarhat-Baijnath  of Oriental region  in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Collapse or fall of Katyuri Kingdoms of Dwarhat-Baijnath  of South Asian region in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Collapse or fall of Katyuri Kingdoms of Dwarhat-Baijnath  of Bageshwar  in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Collapse or fall of Katyuri Kingdoms of Dwarhat-Baijnath  of Bhabhar Kumaon in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History;

[Bhishma Kukreti]

             महाभारतीय कुलिंद जनपद में  भोजन,कृषि व कृषि , रसोई  यंत्र भाग -2

                        History of Gastronomy in Uttarakhand -6

                        उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास --6 


                        आलेख :  भीष्म कुकरेती
   
                 उत्तराखंड के परिपेक्ष्य में जौ  की खेती का  भारत में इतिहास



इतिहासकार मानते हैं कि जौ का जन्म  भारत में नही हुआ बल्कि मेसोपोटामिया जौ का मूल स्थान है।  हड्डपा संस्कृति काल में भारत में जौ का प्रयोग हो   चुका था।  वैदिक काल  में जौ देव पूजा में भी काम आने  लगा था।
  मेहरगढ़ में जौ की खेती के सात से छह आठ हजार साल पहले के अवशेस मिले हैं। इसी काल में इरान में भी जौ की खेती के अवशेस मिले हैं अत:  सकता है कि भारत में जौ और गेंहू की खेती छ से सात हजार साल पहले  शुरू हो चुकी थी।
गुजरात में ग्रामीण सहकारी स्तर  पर जौ , गेंहू आदि की खेती के चार हजार साल पहले के प्रमाण मिले हैं।
चूँकि संस्कृति प्रसार  भी गति पूर्वक होता था तो कह सकते हैं कि महाभारत काल  (1400 BC )भारत में जौ की खेती होती थी ।
महाभारत काल में उत्तराखंड में भी  की उसी भांति होती थी जैसे अन्य क्षेत्रों में होती थी।

                             
               गेंहू की खेती का उत्तराखंड के परिपेक्ष्य में भारत में इतिहास

गेंहू का मूल भी भारत में  बल्कि भूमध्य सागरीय क्षेत्र है।
ऋग्वेद या यजुर्वेद में गोधुम; शब्द नही मिलता है।
गोधुम ; का वर्णन यजुर्वेद संहिता और ब्राह्मण में अवश्य मिलता है।
इतिहासकार चमन लाल के अनुसार रंगपुर और प्रभास सोमनाथ (गुजरात ) में पूर्व  हडप्पा संस्कृति में जंगली गेंहू होने  के सूत्र मिले हैं।
पांच हजार साल पहले गेंहू का प्रयोग शुरू हुआ था।  उस समय के गेंहू  से   भूसे को निकालना सरल नही था. केवल भूनकर  ही भूसे को दाने से अलग किया जाता था.
महाभारत के समय गेंहू की खेती होनी शुरू हो गयी थी।

                    कोदा /मंडुये  की खेती का उत्तराखंड के परिपेक्ष्य में भारत में इतिहास
कोदा  (मंडुआ ) का जन्म पूर्वी अफ्रीका में भी मना जाता है।  और कुछ इतिहासकार हिमालय की पहाड़ियों में भी मंडुआ  का जन्म मानते हैं। जहां  तक Elusine coracana का संबंध है इसका जन्म पूर्वी अफ्रिका में माना जाता है।  Paspalum scrobiculatum (Koda Millet ) का जन्म स्थल  हिमालय को माना जाता है.  दक्षिण के कर्नाटक क्षेत्र को  भी रागी (फिंगर मिलेट ) का जन्म स्थल माना जाता है या कहें तो रागी की कृषि कर्नाटक में प्राचीन काल से होती थी।
इसमें संदेह नही कि महाभारत काल में कोदा उत्तराखंड का महत्व पूर्ण भोजन रहा होगा

                             झंगोरा की खेती का उत्तराखंड के परिपेक्ष्य में भारत में इतिहास

झंगोरा या सवैया मिलेट  भारत में में प्राचीन काल  में पाया गया है।  झंगोरा का जन्म स्थान भारतीय प्राय द्वीप  माना गया है।  यह  मान लेने में कोई हर्ज नही कि   महाभारत काल में उत्तराखंड में झंगोरा का प्रयोग हो चुका था। 

                                  कौणी  की खेती का उत्तराखंड के परिपेक्ष्य में भारत में इतिहास

जंगली कौणी का कृषि करण भारत में ही हुआ और यह निश्चित है कि महाभारत काल में उत्तराखंड में कौणी  की खेती होती थी। 

                               भांग की खेती का उत्तराखंड के परिपेक्ष्य में भारत में इतिहास


भांग का जन्म मध्य एसिया बताया जाता है और तत्पश्चात सभी क्षेत्रों में फैली . चीन में आठ हजार साल पहले भाग के बीजों से तेल निकाला जाता था।  इतिहासकार कहते हैं कि भांग की खेती से ही कृषि का प्रारम्भ हुआ।  चीन की प्राचीन वैदिकी और भारत की प्राचीन वैदिकी में भांग का उल्लेख मिलता है। अत : यह माना जा सकता है कि महाभारत काल में भांग का उपयोग उत्तराखंड में रेशों , नशे व तेल के लिए होता था।

                        सिल्ल बट्ट से पिसाई होती थी
छ हजार साल पहले मानव गेंहू आदि पीसने की कला जान चुका था। 
  ऐसा लगता है कि महाभारत काल में अनाजों की पिसाई सिल्ल बट्ट से होती रही होगी।   चक्की का प्रयोग चिन्ह हरप्पा संस्कृति में मिलते हैं   तो हो सकता है कि महाभारत काल में चक्की भी उत्तराखंड मी आ चुकी होगी         
Reference-

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas 1- 9 Parts
Dr K.K Nautiyal et all , Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas in History of Agriculture in India page-159-170
B.K G Rao, Development of Technologies During the  Iron Age in South India
V.D Mishra , 2006, Prelude Agriculture in North-Central India (Pragdhara ank 18)
Anup Mishra , Agriculture in Chalolithic Age in North-Central India
Mahabharata
All Vedas
Inquiry into the conditions of lower classes of population
Lallan Ji Gopal (Editor), 2008,  History of Agriculture in India -1200AD
K.K Nautiyal History of Agriculture in Garhwal , an article in History of Agriculture in India -1200AD
Steven A .Webber and Dorien Q. Fuller,  2006, Millets and Their Role in Early Agriculture. paper Presented in 'First Farmers in Global Prospective' , Lucknow 

Copyright @ Bhishma  Kukreti 76/9/2013

Notes on History of Gastronomy in Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Pithoragarh Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Doti Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Dwarhat, Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Pithoragarh Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Champawat Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Nainital Uttarakhand;History of Gastronomy in Almora, Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Bageshwar Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Chamoli Garhwal Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Rudraprayag, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Dehradun Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Tehri Garhwal  Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Uttarakhand Uttarakhand; History of Gastronomy in Haridwar Uttarakhand;

( उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; पिथोरागढ़ , कुमाऊं  उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; कुमाऊं  उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;चम्पावत कुमाऊं  उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; बागेश्वर कुमाऊं  उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; नैनीताल कुमाऊं  उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;उधम सिंह नगर कुमाऊं  उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;अल्मोड़ा कुमाऊं  उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; हरिद्वार , उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;पौड़ी गढ़वाल   उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;चमोली गढ़वाल   उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल   उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; देहरादून गढ़वाल   उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; टिहरी गढ़वाल   उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल   उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; हिमालय  में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;     उत्तर भारत में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; उत्तराखंड , दक्षिण एसिया में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास लेखमाला श्रृंखला )

[Bhishma Kukreti]

Timur/Taimur Lang Attacks on Uttarakhand in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History

         (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790)

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 139


                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti

                         Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane in Haridwar (1399)

                 Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane captured Delhi on 17th December 1398.
            In Samarkand, there were popular stories and sayings available about gold dust mines and musk deer of Kedarbhumi and Manasbhumi (Today's Garhwal and Kumaon). Timur Lang/Tamerlane/Taimur Lang attacked Shivalik and Himalayan foothills after finishing cruelest ever loots in west North India for gold mines and musk deer. On 13th January, 1399, his army reached to Gangadwar or Haridwar. Baccharaj (Bahruj) was king of Shivalik and Salan including Bhabhar region of Uttarakhand.  Initially, the armed forces of Baccharaj tried to stop attack of Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane by boat. The armed force of Baccharaj did not get success in stopping Taimur's attack. Then the armed force of Baccharaj tried stopping the army of Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane at Chandi Ghat (Haridwar). The Hindu army chief Shekha (Shekhar) surrounded his armed force around Timur army and killed dozens   soldiers of Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane. However, at last, the soldiers of Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane killed Shekha (Shikhar0 and his soldiers brutally.
  On night of 13th January and 14th January 1399, the soldiers of Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane captured all men, women and children and killed those resisted. The Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane army looted wealth and domestic animals.
           After three days, there was bloody fight between the soldiers of Baccharaj and other kings at Mohandaraa at foot hills of Shivalik. Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane and his army killed and captured thousands of men-women and children. They looted wealth, food grains and domestic animals and started back to Samarkand. While going back with lakhs of captive human and animals, food grains and wealth Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane had to face resistance at a pass from Ratansen the king of Lakhamandal, Saharanpur and Ambala-Sirmaur. However, Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane defeated Ratansen. Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane army killed thousands of people and looted food grains, domestic animals and wealth. There was epidemic due to decomposition of dead human bodies in all area wherever Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane and his army marched. 
  The whole region of Shivalik foot hills and Lakhamandal became human less. There was destruction of crops and loot of food grains by Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane army. Thus, there was famine in the region.
  In sixty year (1938 and 1399), there were two cruel most attacks on Uttarakhand by Tuglak army and Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane on Uttarakhand. These attacks created poverty in the area for many centuries.
                               Ground for Rise of Chand Imperialism
               The poor living conditions among people created ground for rise of Chand Imperialism in Kumaon region.   

                 Ground for Rise of Panwar Dynasty in Garhwal
The attacks of Tuglak and Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane on Kedarbhumi (Garhwal) created ground for Panwar rule in Garhwal

          The Rulers of Uttarakhand at the time of Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane Attacks
                 Kedarbhumi or Garhwal at the time of Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane Attacks
Lakhamandal – Ratansen 1390-1420
Doon Bhabhar, Haridwar, three Salan and Garhwal Bhabhar – Bahuruj (Baccharaj) and Shridhar 1380-140


                           Manasbhumi or Kumaon Region at the time of Timur/Taimur Lang/Tamerlane Attacks

Katyur Danpur – Raut king Kadadu 1360-
Succssors of Kadadu Parsi, Kali, Gangu -1410
Kali Kumaon – Gyaan Chand 1367-1420



Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 9/9/2013
References-
Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10 , Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526 
The Imperial Gazetteer of India ,Volume 13 page 52 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -140
Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Karvipur Katyuri to be continued...
  (Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History (740-11790 AD to be continued...)
Xx                       xxx
Notes on Timur/Taimur Attack on Uttarakhand in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Timur/Taimur Attack on Chandighat , Uttarakhand in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Timur/Taimur Attack on Haridwar Uttarakhand in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Timur/Taimur Attack on Doon Bhabahr Uttarakhand in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Timur/Taimur Attack on Garhwal Bhabhar Uttarakhand in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Timur/Taimur Attack on Salan, Garhwal Uttarakhand in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Timur/Taimur Attack on Mohandarra Uttarakhand in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Timur/Taimur Attack on Lakhamandal Uttarakhand in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Timur/Taimur Attack on Chakrata region, Uttarakhand in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Timur/Taimur Attacks on North India in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Timur/Taimur Attacks on India in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Timur/Taimur Attacks on South Asian region in Context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History;

[Bhishma Kukreti]

Sarvesh Juyal: a versatile personality in Garhwali literature

                              Bhishma Kukreti

              Sarvesh Juyal was born in 1914, village Sujgaon, Rawatsyun, Pauri Garhwal of Uttarakhand. His contribution to Garhwali language literature is of two ways in Delhi. Apart from creating literature, Sarvesh is famous for networking and creating organizations as Garhwal Sahityik Mandal and Himalaya Kala Sangam in Delhi. He was also connected to Gadh Bharati another Garhwali literature organization. Sarvesh Juyal, a couple of years back, was very much active in calling meetings of Garhwali creative and helping them in publishing Garhwali literature. Once, Delhi was called the literature capital of Garhwali language and Sarvesh was one of the factors for motivating Garhwal language creative for collective wisdom and for performing in collective way.
He wrote more than fifty poems in Garhwali and tens of Hindi poems. He has also written Garhwali prose published in Gad Myateki Ganga, Girish, Shailvani, Satyapath, Maulyar and other regional papers of Garhwal.
   His main contribution is appreciated by literature creative for organizing mini conferences of Garhwali creative of various field.
The following poem is an example of his exclusive way of creating satirical poem. Sarvesh Juyal uses Garhwali phrases in exclusive ways for creating one of the remarkable satirical poems in Garhwali poetic world.

         जख्या जमगे
कवि : सर्वेश जुयाल (1914, सुजगौं )
रोजी पुंगड्यों जख्या जमगे , गोडिक करणों भि क्या च।
हऴया पराया   दगड़ा , ढीका फोड़िक मरणो भी क्या च
छौंदा मालिक रांड ह्वेग्याँ , नथुली को मरजात क्या च
सुख की गाण्यू ज्वानी ढळगे , बौळेक करणों भी क्या च।
बच्यौंदा छन , पण बोलि बिराणि,   ऊँन बिंगणो भी क्या च
माँ जैन  देखि   हि नी च अपणी , लाज तौंक   हरणों भी क्या च
जिकुड़ी छन जो निरा ढुंगा , ऊं पर जमणा भी क्या च
आँखा छन पण अंसधारी नी छन , ऊँन बगणो भी क्या च
मनख्या का बीच कंदूड़ खोलि , सुंगरु न करणों भी क्या च
अंधा बैरों की डारी का बीच , बोलिक करणों भी क्या च

------------------ Literal Translation ------------
The Jakhya weeds have come up, what is the use of hoeing
The plough man has gone to other's farm, what is the use of breaking earth lump
She is spending life as widow, what is the use of ornaments and jewels
The juvenile age gone by dreaming comforts, what is the use of maddening
They talk with me but on foreign language, they will not understand my language
Those did not see their mother, what is the use of insulting them
Their heart is of stone, there won't grow any plant
The eyes are tearless, the tears won't flow
What pigs would do opening their ears among human beings
What is the use of telling something among blind and deaf

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, Mumbai, India, 2009
Notes on a versatile personality in Garhwali literature and poetry; a versatile personality from Sujgaun in Garhwali literature and poetry; a versatile personality from Rawatsyun in Garhwali literature and poetry; a versatile personality from Pauri Garhwal in Garhwali literature and poetry; a versatile personality from Pauri Garhwal in Garhwali literature and poetry; a versatile personality from Uttarakhand in Garhwali literature and poetry; a versatile personality from Himalaya in Garhwali literature and poetry; a versatile personality from North India in Garhwali literature and poetry; a versatile personality from India  in Garhwali literature and poetry; a versatile personality from Indian sub continent in Garhwali literature and poetry; a versatile personality from South Asia in Garhwali literature and poetry; a versatile personality from Oriental region in Garhwali literature and poetry

[Bhishma Kukreti]

Dr. Pritam Apachhyan : A Contributor of Garhwali Poetry, fiction , criticism and collecting folk literature


(Critical History and Review of Garhwali Literature)

            Bhishma Kukreti


  Dr Pritam Apachhyan is versatile personality of Garhwali literature.
Dr Pritam Apchhyan was born in Gadhkot of Chamoli Garhwal in 1974.
Dr Pritam Pachyan published stories, poetries and novelette in Garhwali literature.  Dr Pritam published two Garhwali poetry collections-Chakor and Umar Bundi ja.
Dr Pritam published stories and novelette. He also collected and edited folk songs from Chamoli Garhwal
  Dr Pritam Apchhyan supports experiments in Garhwali poetry.

विकास बल गाँव से विमुख
कवि : डा . प्रीतम अपछ्याण   (1974 ,गढ़कोट , चमोली गढ़वाल )
विकास यानि
ग्रामसभा से ब्लौक प्रमुख
जिला प्रमुख
विधायक सांसद
अर गाँव से विमुख

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, 11/9/2013
Notes on a Literature Contributor for  Garhwali Poetry, fiction, criticism and collecting folk literature; Literature Contributor from Gadhkot of   Garhwali Poetry, fiction, criticism and collecting folk literature; Literature Contributor from Chamoli Garhwal of   Garhwali Poetry, fiction, criticism and collecting folk literature; Literature Contributor from  Uttarakhand of   Garhwali Poetry, fiction, criticism and collecting folk literature; Literature Contributor from Himalaya  of   Garhwali Poetry, fiction, criticism and collecting folk literature; Literature Contributor from  North India of   Garhwali Poetry, fiction, criticism and collecting folk literature; Literature Contributor from  Indian subcontinent of   Garhwali Poetry, fiction, criticism and collecting folk literature; Literature Contributor from  South Asia of   Garhwali Poetry, fiction, criticism and collecting folk literature; Literature Contributor from  Oriental region of   Garhwali Poetry, fiction, criticism and collecting folk literature

[Bhishma Kukreti]

  किडनी ब्रदर
               
                 अ.- भीष्म कुकरेती

(द्वी डाक्टर एक बेहोस मरीजs बेड  समणि )
डाक्टर 1 (मरीजौ पुटुक जपकांद -जपकांद )   -ओ इखमि चीरा लगाण  रालो।  मांस गदगदो च अर जादा बि च।
डाक्टर 2 - चीरा जरा जादा लम्बो लगै हाँ ! जां से घाव भर्याणम जादा दिन लगन !
डाक्टर 1 - तुम पर  पूरी बणिया बुद्धि च।  जख इंजिनियर समाधान  वास्ता छवटु से छवटु  खुज्यांदन  उख डाक्टर समाधान का वास्ता लम्बु से लम्बु रस्ता खुज्यांदन।  इलै डाक्टरों कमै इंजीनियरों से जादा च।
डाक्टर -2 - हाँ वू क्या च मि ब्यापार करण चाणु छौ अर बुबा जी मि तैं डाक्टर बणाण चाणा छा।   इलै मीन यु नर्सिंग होम खोलि।
डाक्टर 1 -वा भलो ! भलो !
मरीज - जरा इन सुणो !
डाक्टर 1 -हैं ! तुम  कनकै बिज्याँ छंवाँ  ?
डाक्टर -2 - चिंता नि कारो ! बस गिणदा -गिणदा तुम से जैल्या।  बेहोशी  दवा अपण काम करणी होलि। 
मरीज - पण सुबेर बिटेन बेहोश करणों क्वी नि आयि।
डाक्टर 1 -मि अनेस्थिया वाळ तैं भटयांदु !
डाक्टर -2 - सर ! आप महान छन जु आप किडनी दान दीणा छन
मरीज - पण मि त अपेंडिक्सौ ओपरेसन कराणों भर्ती हों !
डाक्टर 1 -डाक्टर साब आप बढ़िया  मजाक करदन हाँ ! अपेंडिक्स ! (रिपोर्ट दिखद ) ! अपेंडिक्स ? अच्छा तुम पोड़ि जावो।  अनेस्थिया वाळ ऐ ग्यायि।   
(द्वी डाक्टर एक कूण्या मा जांदन )
डाक्टर 1 - दा ल्या ! मरीज ऐ छौ अपेंडिक्स निकाळणो अर हम त किडनी निकालण वाळ छया   
डाक्टर 2 -यां पण हम दुयुं तै अपेंडिक्स निकाळणो क्वी अनुभव नी च ! मीन त डाक्टरी पढै बगत बि कबि अपेंडिक्स नि द्याख !
डाक्टर 1  - त क्या   ह्वाइ ! गूगल सर्च कब काम आलो !
डाक्टर 2 -ठीक च मि गूगल सर्च करदो तू वै तैं बेहोश कौर
डाक्टर 1 -मि तैं अनेस्थिया दीण त नि आंद।  निन्दै गोऴयुं से काम चलाण पोड़ल।
डाक्टर 2 - अरे सूण ! हमन दुसर कमरा क मरीज तैं बचन दियुं च बल वै तै नै किडनी मील जालि।  त ?
डाक्टर 1 - हाँ त ! अपेंडिक्स क दगड़ किडनी बि भैर गाडण।  तो निन्दै गोळी जादा खिलै हाँ ! 
( द्वी डाक्टर औपरेसन करदन )
(मरीजौ डिसचार्ज हूणों दिन )
मरीज -जुगराज रयां डाक्टर साब !
डाक्टर 1 - अरे नै धन्यवाद त हम तुम तै द्योंला
मरीज - किलै ?
डाक्टर 2 - भै ओपरेसनौ बगत तुम बड़ा शांत जि छया। 
मरीज - मि भौति हळकु महसूस करणु छौं।
डाक्टर 1 - ये भै इथगा बड़ु अपेंडिक्स शरीर से जु अलग ह्वै !
मरीज - नै मि वाँ से जादा हळकु महसूस करणु छौं।
डाक्टर 2 - हमर फीस भारो त तुम हौर बि हळका महसूस करिल्या !
मरीज - एक बात बताओ तुम पागल लोगुं इलाज करदां ?
डाक्टर 1 - कनो ?
मरीज - वो दुसर कमरा को मरीज रोज मि तैं किडनी ब्रदर ! किडनी ब्रदर कौरिक भट्याणु रौंद !
डाक्टर 2 - हाँ वो जरा पागल ही च।
मरीज - अब बताओ !  मेरि  अपण एकि किडनी   काम करदी अर म्यार दिमाग खराब हुयुं च कि मि अपण वा किडनी बि कै तैं दान दे द्यूं ? भूखु बि कबि  जीमणो न्यूत ( भोज आमंत्रण )  दींदु  ?
डाक्टर 1 - क्या ? तुमर एकि किडनी काम करदी ?
मरीज- हाँ ! हैंकि किडनी त कबि कबि ही  काम करदी।
डाक्टर २- नर्स ! तै मरीज को हिसाब   जल्दी जल्दी कौर  अर जल्दी जल्दी फीस लेक रवाना कौर ! हौर बि मरीज छन !

[गढ़वाली हास्य -व्यंग्य, सौज सौज मा मजाक मसखरी  दृष्टि से, हौंस,चबोड़,चखन्यौ, सौज सौज मा गंभीर चर्चा ,छ्वीं;- जसपुर निवासी  के  जाती असहिष्णुता सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; ढांगू वाले के  पृथक वादी  मानसिकता सम्बन्धी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;गंगासलाण  वाले के  भ्रष्टाचार, अनाचार, अत्याचार पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; लैंसडाउन तहसील वाले के  धर्म सम्बन्धी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;पौड़ी गढ़वाल वाले के वर्ग संघर्ष सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; उत्तराखंडी  के पर्यावरण संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;मध्य हिमालयी लेखक के विकास संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;उत्तरभारतीय लेखक के पलायन सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; मुंबई प्रवासी लेखक के सांस्कृतिक विषयों पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; महाराष्ट्रीय प्रवासी लेखक का सरकारी प्रशासन संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; भारतीय लेखक के राजनीति विषयक गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; सांस्कृतिक मुल्य ह्रास पर व्यंग्य , गरीबी समस्या पर व्यंग्य, आम आदमी की परेशानी विषय के व्यंग्य, जातीय  भेदभाव विषयक गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; एशियाई लेखक द्वारा सामाजिक  बिडम्बनाओं, पर्यावरण विषयों   पर  गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य श्रृंखला जारी ...] 

[Bhishma Kukreti]

Mandalik or Regional Chieftains of Krachalla in context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History part-1

         (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790)

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 141


                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti

                             Mandalik or Regional Chieftains of Krachalla

              Krachalla (1208-1223) was succors of Ashokchalla (1160-1209).  His inscription at Kartikeyapur (Joshimath) of 1223 provides information about his characteristics and various political scenes.
                Shri Chandra Dev a Mandlik or Regional Chieftain
  The information about Shri Chandra Dev a Mandlik or Regional Chieftain of Krachalla is taken from inscription of Indradev. It seems that Shri Chandra Dev a Mandlik or Regional Chieftain was an ambitious Katyuri youth. Shri Chandra Dev a Mandlik or Regional Chieftain took the advantage of defeat of Lakshamanpal Dev Katyuri and became regional chieftain of attacker Krachalla.  There is reference of Chandra Dev afterwards.

                Shri Jeehal Dev a Mandlik or Regional Chieftain

              It seems that Jeehal Dev or Jahal Dev was son of Thapuva Raut. There are mentions of Jeehal Dev on Ganai and Baijnath temple inscriptions. Ganai Gadhpati Baichhal Dev could not pacify the rebelling acts of Thapuva Raut and Jeehal Dev and Baichhal Dev had to take shelter in Sui fort.
It is obvious that when Lakshamanpal Dev restructured his strategy and got command he might have punish Jeehal Dev.
From 1360-1560, Kadadu, Parsi raut, Kali Raut, Bagha Raut and Anandu Raut ruled over Baijnath – Danpur.
                 Shri Jahad Dev a Mandlik or Regional Chieftain

        There were Khasa chieftains in Danpur, Seera, Sor, Askot, Ramgad-Kota, Domkot etc. It is difficult to guess about the territory of Chieftain Jahad Dev. Dr Dabral suggests that Jahad dev was chieftain of Sora region.
The following other chieftains of Sora are
1-Johad Dev
2-Kadakil
3-Kakil
4-Chanari
5-Harak
6- Arki
7-Sagti

                 Moosa Dev a Mandlik or Regional Chieftain

  It seems Moosa Dev and Moosa Saun of Kaila Dungri (folklore by Oakley and Gairola) are same. According to folklore, Moosa saun was son of Narayan and Rikhola Devi. 
     Moosaa Saun killed a crucial dacoit Panchu. Saun people came from Doti to Kali Kumaon. There is still a Saun patti in Kumaon in the name of Saun Thakur.  The thakurai or rule of Moosa Saun was in Kali Kumaon. However, it is difficult to know exactness about Moosa Dev Saun. Chim, Kishan and Maid Saun etc were his successors in Saun Patti. The ruins of Saunkot fort are still there in Kaila Dhunga.

Shri Aniladitya Raut or Rawut a Mandlik or Regional Chieftain

In thirteen century, there were two Raut –Thakurai in east manasbhumi or Kumaon- Seera (Didihat) and Domkot. It is evident that in 1229, Niranjan dev dismissed Raut chieftains and appointed his prince Dhirmall as chieftain. In 1581 Purushottam Pant captured the capital of Harimall Katyuri.
The inscription of Krachalla describes the chieftain as Adhi/Aghi. By this method, many historians suggest that Adhi/Aghi was Aniladitya Raut.
From 1223- 1279 three kings or chieftains ruled on Seera-Adhi raut, Bhishma Raut and Bhakti Raut.  Dhirmall took over rule from Bhakti raut. It means Adhi raut was contemporary of   Aniladitya Dev Raut.
  Seera was at strategic place and there were twocapitals of Seera –Didihat and Batyuli (Thal).

            Khasa Raut chieftains of Seera (1223-1279)

1-Adhi or Aniladitya Raut
2-Bhishma Raut
3- Bhakti raut

            Mall or Katyuri Kunwar Mall Rulers of Seera from 1279-1410

1-Dhirmall
2-Jagti Malla
3-Kura Mall
4-Ripu Mall first
5- Bhupati Mall
6- Bharti Mall
7-Dat mall
8-Anand mall
9- Raj mall
10- Kalyan mall
11-Jurwan mall
12-Arjun Malla
The inscriptions of following Mall rulers are available
Name ------------------------------------------------Approximate Period
13- Ripu Mall Second --------------------------1410-1420
14-Bali Narayan Mall-----------------------------1420-1430
15-Anand Mall -------------------------------------1430-1440
16-Sansar Mall --------------------------------1440-1443
17-Kalyan Mall second -----------------------1443-1453
21- Nag Mall -------------------------------------1453-1461
The Baseda Rajput Dungar from Doti killed Nag mall in 1461 and became ruler of Seera
                            Basera kings of Seera from 1461-1520
1-Dungar
2-Madan
3-Raising
Then again Mall Rainka Raym Mall captured Seera rule in 1520

Rainka was title for Mall given by Katyuri kings and Mall were Katyuri.
               Mall Rainka of Seera from 1520-1581
1-Ray Mall Rainka------------1520-1540
2-Shobha Mall Rainka -----------1540-1560
3-Hari Mall Rainka -------------1560-1581
King Rudra Chandra captured Seera kingdom from Hari Mall.
The region under seera were Askot, Darrma, Johar .

                   Chieftains of Gangoli
Krachalla did not appoint any chieftains for Gangoli. The chieftain of Katyuri king was appointed as chieftain by Krachalla (1208-1223).

            Katyuri kings of Gangoli from 1250-1310

The chieftains of Ganoli were from Katyuri family.
Ram Chandra Dev – In 1264,Ram Chandra Dev built a Janhvi water reservoir (Naula) and Templein in Gangolihat.

Hammeer Dev- Two inscriptions of Hammeer Dev are available. The inscriptions suggest there were 6-7 kings of Gangoli from 1250-1350. There are Lingrajdev, Dharaldei names on inscriptions of Hammerdev.
                 Khasa Rule over Gangoli (1370-1420)

The Khasa kings ruled over Gangoli from 1370-1420. There was mess and cruelty in the time period from 1350-1420 in Gangoli.

                Rule of Manikoti Chand on Gangoli

A Mankoti army man from Doti captured Gangoli administration from Khasa king. They used to have name ending Chand. However, there was no relation of Manikoti Chand with Chand of Kali Kumaon ruler. 
   The inscriptions provide following Manikoti Chand rulers of Gangoli from 1610
1-Initiator of Manikoti dynasty over Gangoli
2-Karam Chand
3-Shital Chand
4-Brahm Chand
5-Hingul Chand
6-Punip Chand
7-Ani Chand
8-Narayan Chand
9-Unknown
10- Prithvi Chand
  Upreti the prime minster killed Karam Chand by deceptive method while Karam Chand was on hunting. The queen took help of Pant. Pant helped the queen and crowned Shital Chand as king of Gangoli. From that period there were two power centers –Upreti and Pant in Gangoli.
In 1563, Narayn chand had to accept the over rule of Kalyan Chand the king of Kali Kumaon.
Prithvi Chand respected and donated scholars. He was ruler till 1610 or later stage up to 1620. In 1620, The Kali Kumaoni king Lakshman Chand took over Gangoli directly under his rule.


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 9/9/2013
References-
Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10 , Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526 
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52 
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -142
Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Karvipur Katyuri to be continued...
  (Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History (740-11790 AD to be continued...)
Xx                       xxx
Notes on Regional Chieftains of Krachalla in context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Regional Chieftains of Domkot of Krachalla in context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Regional Chieftains of Gangoli of Krachalla in context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Regional Chieftains of Seera of Krachalla in context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Regional Chieftains of Saun Patti of Krachalla in context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Regional Chieftains of Seerakot of Krachalla in context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Regional Chieftains of  Krachalla in context Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Regional Chieftains of  Krachalla in context Indian Himalayan , Uttarakhand Middle Age History; Regional Chieftains of  Krachalla in context Indian Himalayan Kumaoni Middle Age History; Regional Chieftains of  Krachalla in context North Indian Himalayan Middle Age History; Regional Chieftains of  Krachalla in context Asian  Himalayan Middle Age History;