Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख

[Bhishma Kukreti]

History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kumaon

          (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)
       Characteristics of Chand Rule in Kumaon    
   
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 245

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti

        There were Brahmin scholars settled in Kartikeypur /Joshimath at the time of Katyuri Period. Chand Kings used to sponsor scholars.
   King Rudra Chandra- King Rudra Chandra was Sanskrit scholar who created Sanskrit classics as Usharagodiya Natika; Shyainik Shastram, Traivanik Dharam-Niyam and Yayati Charitram.Kashi Pundits appreciated Traivanik Dharam-Niyam and they had discussions on the book.
In Shyainik Shastram, the name of creator is Shrikurmachaldhipati Rudradev.
The name of creator of Usharagodiya Natika is written Shrikurmagirivareshwar –Shrimatpratapvaritatamobhashkar Shrimat Rudra Chandra Dev.
            Hari Hiramani came to Kumaon from Bandhavgadh because of fame of Usharagodiya Natika. Hiramani copied Usharagodiya Natika in 1582 in Kumaon.
King Trimall Chandra- According to Kaushtubh Smirit by Anant Dev, king Tirumall Chandrd used to sponsor scholars.
Bajbahadur Chandra – King Bajbahadur Chandra had scholars in his court as Hiramani Joshi of Malaganv, Ramapati of Sarpaganv, astrologer Manorath Joshi of Bherang village.
Scholar Anant Dev- Anant Dev was son of scholar Apdev of Narmada region. Bajbahadur arranged Anant Dev studying in Kashi.
Influenced by Bajbahadur, Anant  Dev created a large Sanskrit classic Sriti Kuashtabh. This book describes Sanskar, Achar, Rajdharma, Dan, Utsarg, Pratishtha, Tithi and Sanvatsar in each part.
Anant Dev also created books as Prayshchit Deepika, Kalnirnayvindu, Agnihotra Prayog, Chaturmasasy Prayog, Antyeshti Paddhati, Nakshatrasatraprayog. Anat Dev wrote commentary on  Bhagvannamkaumadi, Bhagvadbhaktinirnay, Mathurasetu, Meemansha, Nyayprakash, Vakyabhedbhav and Devatatvavichar.
Honoring of scholars by Kumaon Kings- Udyot Chandra and Gyan Chandra honored scholars from other parts of India as Matiram, Bhushan, etc.
Premnidhi Pant a Kumaoni Scholar in Kashi (1700-1760) – Premnidhi Pant was son of Umapati Pant of Kumaon. He settled in Kashi in middle of eighteenth century. Premnidhi Pant became famous for his Tantrik Vidya. Premnidhi wrote Prithwipremodaya (1737); Prayaschitpradip (1753), Ghritdan Paddhati, Prayogratna, Samayaram, commentary on Sharadatilak, commentary on Shivtandava, Kartviryasaparya,
Premnidhi was titled by scholars as ,Tantraraj'. There is a book -commentary on 'Sudarshana'became famous among Tantriks. It is said that the book was written by his third wife Pranmanjari. It is said that Pranmanjari created another book 'Shrividyanityakarm'.
Vishweshwar Pandey – Visheshwar Pandey was Kumaon scholar and became famous in Kashi. He became famous at the age of thirty two. His father was Lakshmi Dhar Pandey of Patiya village near Almora. Lakshmidhar settled in Kashi.
Vishweshar Pandey wrote Sanskrit classics as Kavya Arya Saptshati,  Rukmaniparinaya, commentary on Naishdhiya epic, Mandarmanjari (prose –poetry), Alankarkaustubh, Alankar kulpradip, commentary on Rasmanjari, Siddhant Sudhnidhi (Grmmar), Tarkkautuhal (Nyaya). Vishweshar Pandey expired at the age of thirty two.  It seems he lived before 1830.
Kalyanchandraodayakavya- A Poet wrote a poetry book Kalyanchandraodayakavya that praised the King Doti Kalyan Chandra
Commentries- Padmadev Pandey wrote commentaries on Raghuvansh and Saptashati in the period of King Jagat Chandra (1702-1720).

                             Manaskhand

             The various scholars wrote Sanskrit classic Manaskhand in Chand Kingdom time. It seems that the last part of Manaskhand was completed in Bajbahadur Chandra period.
             Though, it is said that Manaskhand is part of Skandpuran but no publishers (Mumbai, Lucknow and Gorakhpur) of Skandpuran included Manaskhand in Skandpuran. It is sure that Manaskhand written by various scholars at various periods is not part of Skandpuran.
  Manaskhand starts from the dialogues between Janamjey and Sut. Janamjey asks the road for Mansarovar. Sut replies and describes the places as Kurmachal (Kali Kumaon), Gind (Gindhiya River). Loha Bati River (Loha Ghat), Kurmshila parvat (Kanddev Mountain), Saryu, Darun, Jhankar Kshetra (jageshwar), Patal Bhuvneshwar, Ramganga, Baleshwar, Kaligiri confluence, Chaturdrast (Chaundas), Vyasashram (Vyans), Kalimu, Keal hills, Gauri hills, Mansarovar, Rawanhrid (rakshash Tal), origin of Saryu River, Khecharteerth (Khocharnath), Brahmkapali, Rameshwar, Rinmochan, Brahmsarovar, nanda Mountain, Viadyanath (Baijnath), Mallikadevi ( Maldevi of Baura Rau).
  The descriptions of geographical places show that the places are limited to places of Chand Kingdom. Therefore, it is sure that Manaskhand was created in Chand Period.


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 13/1/2014

                                      References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526 
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52 
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne
The Tazuk-i-Jahangiri
Maularam- Gadh Rajvansh Kavya
Ramayan Pradeep
Annatdev's Smriti-Kaustubh
Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Sarkar, fall of Mogul Empire
Sailendra Nath Sen, 2010, An Advanced History of Modern India
Kanti Kumar Nautiyal , Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun , Chaukhamba Prakash
Hema Uniyal Kumaon ke Mandir (Book and Cassette Disc)
Madan Jit Singh, Himalayan Arts
Krishna Chand Bhatt, Information about Thefts of Archeological Materials from Kumaon, Pahad
Gopinath Kaviraj, Kashi ki Sarswat –Sadhnana
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -246   
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued....
Himalayan, Indian History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued...
  (Himalayan, Indian History (740-1790 AD to be continued...)
Xx
History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Pithoragarh Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Champawat Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Dwarhat Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Saryu valley Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Mansarovar region Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kali Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Jageshwar Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Bageshwar Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Almora Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Nainital Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kumaon, Uttarkahand; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kumaon, Himalaya; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kumaon, North India; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kumaon, South Asia;

[Bhishma Kukreti]

Mala Rupak Alankar or Extended Metaphor Figure of Speech in Garhwali Folk Drama

         गढवाली लोक नाटकों / लोक  नृत्य -गीतों में  माला  रूपक  अलंकार

Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional Plays part -78 

                                    Bhishma Kukreti (लोक साहित्य शोधार्थी)

Extended metaphor takes a single subject and uses multiple metaphors to describe it.

गढ़वाली  लोक नृत्य-गीतों  , लोक नाटक में  माला रूपक अलंकार   का उदाहरण


आऊं चा इथ दीटु त चाइंथी  दियेरी बाटी
तू चाईंथ बौंरा, अउं चाइंथी कुजेरी कली। 
कुजेरी कली पोरु बी मरेको रिजी
  आऊं चाइंथी सुरीज तू चाईंथ गैण निजी। 
निजी नाईं अफ़ूणी बाई बरेशे पाणी
तू चाइंथी गुड को आऊं चाइंथी बिजली राणी

I am your earthen lamp; you are my wick .The wick takes life by burning others
You become my bee and I shall be bud. The bud dies by felling down
I shall be sun you be clean sky. But clean sky does not rain
You become bursting cloud I shall be queen electricity 




Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 12/1/2014

Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Community Dramas; Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional to be continued in next chapter.

                 References
1-Bharat Natyashastra
2-Steve Tillis, 1999, Rethinking Folk Drama
3-Roger Abrahams, 1972, Folk Dramas in Folklore and Folk life 
4-Tekla Domotor , Folk drama as defined in Folklore and Theatrical Research
5-Kathyrn Hansen, 1991, Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theater of North India
6-Devi Lal Samar, Lokdharmi Pradarshankari Kalayen 
7-Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 1-12
8-Dr Shiva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Loknritya geet
9-Jeremy Montagu, 2007, Origins and Development of Musical Instruments
10-Gayle Kassing, 2007, History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach
11- Bhishma Kukreti, 2013, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhya Tatva va Charitra, Shailvani, Kotdwara
12- Bhishma Kukreti, 2007, Garhwali lok Swangun ma rasa ar Bhav , Chithipatri
Xx
Mala Rupak Alankar or Extended Metaphor Figure of Speeches  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays; Mala Rupak Alankar or Extended Metaphor Figure of Speeches  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Chamoli Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Mala Rupak Alankar or Extended Metaphor Figure of Speeches   in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Rudraprayag Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Mala Rupak Alankar or Extended Metaphor Figure of Speeches   in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Pauri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Mala Rupak Alankar or Extended Metaphor Figure of Speeches   in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Tehri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Mala Rupak Alankar or Extended Metaphor Figure of Speeches  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Uttarkashi Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Mala Rupak Alankar or Extended Metaphor Figure of Speeches  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Dehradun Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Mala Rupak Alankar or Extended Metaphor Figure of Speeches  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Haridwar Garhwal, North India, South Asia;
गढवाली लोक नाटकों में माला रूपक  अलंकार,  टिहरी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  माला रूपक   अलंकार ;उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  माला रूपक   अलंकार, हरिद्वार गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  माला रूपक   अलंकार ;देहरादून गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  माला रूपक   अलंकार ;पौड़ी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  माला रूपक   अलंकार ;चमोली गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  माला रूपक   अलंकार; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में   माला रूपक   अलंकार

[Bhishma Kukreti]

   Vastu Utpreksha Alankar (Uncommon Supposition by Essence) in Garhwali Folk Dramas

        गढ़वाली  लोक नृत्य-गीतों  , लोक नाटकों  में  वस्तु उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार   का उदाहरण

Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional Plays part -79 

                                    Bhishma Kukreti (लोक साहित्य शोधार्थी)
         Utpreksha is Arthalankar. Vastu Utpreksha (Uncommon Supposition by Essence) describes that the comparable thing evokes the compared thing rather than modeling it. 

गढ़वाली  लोक नृत्य-गीतों  , लोक नाटकों  में  वस्तु  उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार   का उदाहरण
१- मौज तू दिखेंदी ,  भग्यानी बौ
''डांडू सी मुन्याली'' भग्यानी बौ
२-विरहा की रात सुवा , विरहा की रात
आँख्यों ''बटी आंसू झड़ी , लागै बरसात ''


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 13/1/2014

Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Community Dramas; Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional to be continued in next chapter.

                 References
1-Bharat Natyashastra
2-Steve Tillis, 1999, Rethinking Folk Drama
3-Roger Abrahams, 1972, Folk Dramas in Folklore and Folk life 
4-Tekla Domotor , Folk drama as defined in Folklore and Theatrical Research
5-Kathyrn Hansen, 1991, Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theater of North India
6-Devi Lal Samar, Lokdharmi Pradarshankari Kalayen 
7-Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 1-12
8-Dr Shiva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Loknritya geet
9-Jeremy Montagu, 2007, Origins and Development of Musical Instruments
10-Gayle Kassing, 2007, History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach
11- Bhishma Kukreti, 2013, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhya Tatva va Charitra, Shailvani, Kotdwara
12- Bhishma Kukreti, 2007, Garhwali lok Swangun ma rasa ar Bhav , Chithipatri
Xx
Vastu Utpreksha Alankar (Uncommon Supposition by Essence) Figure of Speeches  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays; Vastu Utpreksha Alankar (Uncommon Supposition by Essence) Figure of Speeches     in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Chamoli Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Vastu Utpreksha Alankar (Uncommon Supposition by Essence) Figure of Speeches   in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Rudraprayag Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Vastu Utpreksha Alankar (Uncommon Supposition by Essence) Figure of Speeches   in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Pauri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Vastu Utpreksha Alankar (Uncommon Supposition by Essence) Figure of Speeches   in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Tehri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Vastu Utpreksha Alankar (Uncommon Supposition by Essence) Figure of Speeches  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Uttarkashi Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Vastu Utpreksha Alankar (Uncommon Supposition by Essence) Figure of Speeches  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Dehradun Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Vastu Utpreksha Alankar (Uncommon Supposition by Essence) Figure of Speeches  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Haridwar Garhwal, North India, South Asia;
गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  वस्तु उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार,  टिहरी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  वस्तु उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार ;उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  वस्तु उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार, हरिद्वार गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में वस्तु उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार ;देहरादून गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  वस्तु उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार ;पौड़ी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में वस्तु उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार ;चमोली गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  वस्तु उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  वस्तु उत्प्रेक्षा  अलंकार ;

[Bhishma Kukreti]

                           जनता दरबार मा मुख्यमंत्री डाळ मा

                            चुनगेर ,चबोड़्या -चखन्यौर्या -भीष्म कुकरेती       

(s =आधी अ  = अ , क , का , की ,  आदि )

                   राजनीति अर मार्केटिंग इकसनि सि हूंदन।  किलैकि राजनीति बि पॉलिटिकल मार्केटिंग ही च। राजनीति मा  मार्केटिंग मा कुछ करण उथगा महत्वपूर्ण नि होंद जथगा कि लोगुं तैं दिखेण कि क्या होणु च।  राजनीति अर मार्केटिंग मा काम दिखेण बड़ी बात च अर हूण नि हूण उथगा महत्वपूर्ण नी  च। ये तैं मार्केटिंग मा न्यूज बणन बुले जांद।  विज्ञापन जथगा जादा न्यूज बणो उथगा ही विज्ञापन सफल माने जांद।  राजनीति मा बि न्यूज बणन जादा महत्वपूर्ण च।
                      एक दैं लालू प्रसाद की हरेक बात न्यूज बणी जांद छे।  लालू यादव आज एक हरिजन बच्चा का बाळ काटणा छन अर गांऊं मा  साफ़ सफाई आंदोलन चलाणा छन , लालू यादव छट पूजा कन करणा छन आदि हिंदी लैंड का वास्ता राष्ट्रीय न्यूज हूंदी छे। टीवी चैनेल इक तलक दिखांद छा कि लालू यादव माछुं तैं कै तरां से चारा दींदन।
     कुछ दिन पैल नरेंद्र मोदी का विषय समाचार आकर्षण छौ अचकाल आम आदमी पार्टी की न्यूज पत्रकारुं चेहता समाचार विषय  च ।
केजरीवाल ऐंड कम्पनी न ब्वाल बल हम इनक्लूजिव पॉलिटिक्स मा विश्वास करदवां याने जनता फस्ट अर जनता का वास्ता काम बाद मा ।अर केजरीवाल की पार्टी क्या करणी च वो महत्वपूर्ण नी च महत्वपूर्ण च कि संवाददाता अर लोग सुचणा छन कि जनता दरबार आम आदमी पार्टी न ख्वाज, जन बुल्यां जनता दरबार की इजाद केजरीवालन करी हो ।
इनी मार्केटिंग मा कथगा दै ह्वे।  भौत साल पैल गोदरेज न विज्ञापन दे कि हमर फ्रिज मा पफ नामक एक वस्तु च जो फ्रिज मा ठंडी लांद। गोदरेजन पफ कु इथगा विज्ञापन कार कि ग्राहक दुकानदारों से पुछद छा कि हौर फ्रिज याने केल्विनेटर अर ऑलविन, वोल्टाज  या जेनिथ मा पफ छह कि ना ? दुकानदार ग्राहकुं  तैं दिखांद दिखांद , समजान्द समजान्द थकी जांद छौ कि पफ सब्युं मा च पण ग्राहकुं तैं भरवस नि हूंद छौ कि केल्विनेटर अर ऑलविन या जेनिथ फ्रिजुं मा बि  पफ हूंद। पफ विज्ञापन का चक्कर मा गोदरेज की  विक्री केल्विनेटर फ्रिज से भौत अधिक बढ़ी गए।  अंत मा ऑल्विन फ्रिज तैं विज्ञापन करण पोड़ कि हमर फ्रिज मा पफ त तबी बिटेन च जब बिटेन ऑलविन कु जन्म ह्वे।  वोल्टाज तैं बि बताण पोड़ कि पफ माने इन्सुलेटर।  वास्तव मा पफ एक इन्सुलेटिंग  वस्तु कु नाम च जु रेफ्रिजिरेसन मा हर जगा लगद अर रेफ्रिजिरसन प्रक्रिया का वास्ता आवश्यक मटीरियल च।  पफ का बगैर इन्सुलेशन ह्वे इ नि सकद।  पण गोदरेजन इन विज्ञापन अर इथगा जोर से विज्ञापन कार कि लोगुं तैं लग कि गोदरेजन ही पफ की खोज कार अर पफ केवल गोदरेज फ्रिजुं मा ही लगाये जांद।  याने आप तैं न्यूज क्रिएट करण पड़द।
इनी तब माइक्रोवन नयो नयो अयाँ द्वी तीन साल ह्वे छौ।  केनस्टार अर BPL ही मुख्य माइक्रोवेवओवन ब्रैंड छा।  जब कोरियन ब्रैंड LG भारत मा माइक्रोवेव ओवन लेक आयी तो LGन जोरों से बिज्ञापन कार कि हमर माइक्रोवेव ओवन मा हेल्थ वेव च।  असल मा माइक्रोवेव ओवन मा खाणो पकाणो बान तेल या घी माध्यम की जरूरत ही नि पड़द तो वै हिसाब से LGन विज्ञापनो मा दावा कार कि ऊंक माइक्रोवेव ओवन मा हेल्थ वेव च। विज्ञापन इथगा प्रभावकारी छा कि केनस्टार का पुराणा ग्राहक बि केनस्टार वाळूं से पुछदा छा कि हमर माइक्रोवेव ओवन माँ बि हेल्थ वेव लगावो।  केनस्टार वाळ सब्युं तैं बतांद बतांद थक जांद छा कि दुनिया मा अलग से क्वी हेल्थ वेव नि हूंद पण ग्राहकूं तैं भरवस नि हूंद छौ कि अलग से हेल्थ वेव नि हूंद।
इनी हाल आज राजनीतिक पार्ट्यूं च।  केजरीवाल कम्पनी अर टीवी चैनेलुंन इन प्रचारित कार कि जन बुल्यां स्टिंग ओप्रेसन से भ्रस्टाचार्युं तैं पकडणो शुरुवात आम आदमी पार्टीन करी हो।  इन लगणु च जन बुल्यां शिकायत फोन लाइन आम पार्टी आदमी पार्टिन इजाद कार हो। भारत मा हरेक जिला मा भ्रस्टाचार निरोधक सेवा च जो आपक शिकायत से भ्रष्ट कर्मचारी तैं पकड़नो बान जाळ बिछन्दी।
इनी मुख्य मंत्री को जनता दरबार बि च।  सबसे प्रभावशाली जनता दरबार नरेंद्र मोदी को माने जांद जो तकनीकी अर प्रशाशनिक मामला मा अत्याधिक सफल जनता दरबार च।  नरेंद्र मोदी क जनता दरबार 2003 से चलणु च। भारत का अधिकतर मुख्यमंत्री जनता दरबार लगांदन।  मुख्यमंत्री या क्वी बि नेता दरबार अपण फायदा बान बि लगांद कि जांसे वु जनता कि नब्ज बि टटोळना रावन।  इंदिरा गांधी जनता दरबार लगांदी छे और त छ्वाड़ो उत्तराखंड का आयातित मुख्यमंत्री बि जनता दरबार लगांदन।
लेकिन केजरीवाल ऐंड कम्पनी   तैं जनसम्पर्क विधि का मामला मा  सौ मादे द्वी सौ अंक मिलण चएंदन अर मीडिया तैं जु न्यूज नी च वै तैं ब्रेकिंग न्यूज बणै दीन्दन वै मीडिया तैं सौ मादे माइनस सौ नंबर मिलण चएंदन।
अब त पुराणा मुख्यमंत्र्युं तैं जनता दरबार इन लगाण पोड़ल कि मुख्यमंत्री डाळ मा ह्वावो अर जनता तौळ जांसे या न्यूज ब्रेकिंग न्यूज बणी जावो।  पुराणा मुख्यमंत्र्युं तैं अब इन टुटब्याग खुज्याण पोड़ल कि जनता दरबार जनता का वास्ता ना अपितु टीवी चैनेलुं टीआरपी बढ़ाणो बान ब्रेकिंग न्यूज बणी जावो। 



Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  14 /1/2014

[गढ़वाली हास्य -व्यंग्य, सौज सौज मा मजाक  से, हौंस,चबोड़,चखन्यौ, सौज सौज मा गंभीर चर्चा ,छ्वीं;- जसपुर निवासी  के  जाती असहिष्णुता सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; ढांगू वाले के  पृथक वादी  मानसिकता सम्बन्धी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;गंगासलाण  वाले के  भ्रष्टाचार, अनाचार, अत्याचार पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; लैंसडाउन तहसील वाले के  धर्म सम्बन्धी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;पौड़ी गढ़वाल वाले के वर्ग संघर्ष सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; उत्तराखंडी  के पर्यावरण संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;मध्य हिमालयी लेखक के विकास संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;उत्तरभारतीय लेखक के पलायन सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; मुंबई प्रवासी लेखक के सांस्कृतिक विषयों पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; महाराष्ट्रीय प्रवासी लेखक का सरकारी प्रशासन संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; भारतीय लेखक के राजनीति विषयक गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; सांस्कृतिक मुल्य ह्रास पर व्यंग्य , गरीबी समस्या पर व्यंग्य, आम आदमी की परेशानी विषय के व्यंग्य, जातीय  भेदभाव विषयक गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; एशियाई लेखक द्वारा सामाजिक  बिडम्बनाओं, पर्यावरण विषयों   पर  गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य, राजनीति में परिवार वाद -वंशवाद   पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; ग्रामीण सिंचाई   विषयक  गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य, विज्ञान की अवहेलना संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य  ; ढोंगी धर्म निरपरेक्ष राजनेताओं पर आक्षेप , व्यंग्य , अन्धविश्वास  पर चोट करते गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य    श्रृंखला जारी  ] 

[Bhishma Kukreti]

             Introduction to History of Garhwal from 1223-1804

             History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -1
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -246

                       By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
 
                    Garhwal Region or Kedarkhand:  an Introduction

Garhwal region has following districts –
District --------------Area Sq Kilometer -----------Population in Lakhs 2011
Uttarkashi -------------  9016 ---------------------3.29
Chamoli Garhwal -----8032--------------------3.91
Rudraprayag    ----------1890 ------------------2.36
Tehri Garhwal ------   4080----------------6.16
Dehradun    ------------3038 ------------------------16.9
Pauri Garhwal   ------5399 ------------------------6.86
Haridwar   ---------------2360------------------19.27
  Kumaon Uttarakhand is in east of Garhwal region. Bijnor district of Uttar Pradesh is in south of Garhwal region. Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh are in west of Garhwal region.  Tibet of China is in north of Garhwal region.

                            Rule of Krachall

In previous chapters of History of Uttarakhand (Katyuri period) the readers already read that Krachall ruled Uttarakhand including Garhwal in or around 1223. Kalchakra ruled on Uttarakhand through Mandlik or regional rulers (read History of Uttarakhand part -142).

              Hundreds of Rulers in Garhwal and Kumaon
       After Krachall or his successor's rule (most probably 1250) the small kingdoms or Garhi or Garh emerged in Garhwal. The folklores of that period still exist in Garhwal and Kumaon.  The centralized rule of Krachall or successors was no more in Garhwal and Kumaon and regional rulers emerged as rulers of particular region called Garhi or Garh.  These regional rulers started fighting and more and more small Garh or forts (rulers) emerged in the scene.

            Garh or Forts in Garhwal in Thirteenth Century

            The rulers of these small regions used to build fort in high hills of the regions called as Gadh or Garh or Garhi. The rulers used to keep weapons, arms-ammunitions, army and families in the fort or Garhi. From their Garh owners used to rule nearby villages. 
             The fort used to be built inaccessible place at high hills and could be seen from distances. There used to arrangement of water and food articles. All roads towards Garh or fort were closed and only one road used to be open. The army used to watch that accessible road very rigorously.
              In many Garhi, there was not water source. In such types of Garh or fort, rain water stopped by mud or stone walls. Water was also reserved in Wood, stone or mud vessels. There were staircases from rivulets or canals to the fort as could be seen today in Bhairogadhi Langur, Pauri Garhwal.  There used to be tunnels to reach river or rivulets. The tunnels could be seen in Chandpurgarhi, Gujdugadhi and Lakhamandal Gadhi. These tunnels were to run away in safe place when Garh is in danger by attack from enemy.

            Numbers of Garh or Garhi in Garhwal
  Raturi and Rahul state that Panwar King Ajaypal won sixty two or fifty two Garh and included them into his kingdom. However, the numbers of Garhi was more than Raturi's estimate.
Region ---------------------- --------------------------- Names of Garhi ------------Numbers
1-North border ----- ------Gadhtang, Painkhanda,Dasholi ------------------------------4---
2-East Border ----- ----------------------Badhan, Chandpur,Chaud, Top
East Border ------------------------------------Ranigarh, Lohaba, Dhauna,Vangarh,
---------------------------------------------------------------------Kanda, Gujadu, Sawali ----------11
3-South Garhwal
(Talla Salan, Gangasalan, Bhabhar, Narnedra nagr Dehradun)--- Mahabgadh, Baggadh
---------------------------------------------------------------------Ajmir Garh, Shrigurugarh,
-------------------------------------------------------------------Mavakot, Gadkot, Bhairongadh,
------------------------------------------------------------------ Ghughti, Dhangu
---------------------------------------------------------------------Badalpur, Laldhang, ChandiSatur,
--------------------------------------------------------------------Kolagarh, Shergarh, Nanorgarh
------------------------------------------------------------------Nalagadh, Veerbhadra, Mordhaj,
-------------------------------------------------------------Pathargarh,Kunaji, Ratan, kuili, Bharpur-24
4-West Border ----------------------Jorgarh, Biraltagarh, Silgarh, Mungragarh, SankariGarh
(Jaunpur, Mahasu, Shimla)--------------------------, Badkot,Dodrakwargadh, Ramigarh----------8
5-Mandakini valley----------------------------------Nagpur, Kandara
6- Upper East valley --------------------------Ulkagadh, Aidasu, Devalgarh, Nayalgarh,
(Devalgarh, Barhsyun, Chaundkot ) --------Kolligarh, Dhaunagarh,Bangarh, Kandagarh, --------------------------------------------------------------Chaundkot -----------------------------------------------9
7- Westren valley
(Udaypur, Kirtinagar, Chandravadani, Chilla-------------------------------------------------------------
Pratapnagar, Bhardar, Bhilang)-------------------------------- Uppu Garh, Maulyagarh, Rainkagarh, Bhagargadh
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Bhardar garh, Sangelagarh -------6
Total Garh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64
There were many Garh or forts in Haridwar those were present before 1223 .
There are folklores those mention following Garhi too-
Maluvakot, Amuvakot, Kalnikot, Ramoligadh, Lohanigarh, Katyurgarh, Chandgarh, kalavatikot, Nandanikot, Dharnigadhi, Malsigadhi, Kotligadhi, Bhanikot, Chandikot, etc . There is no history records of those Garh mentioned in folklores.

****Read about more about Garhi administration in next chapter...


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 14/1/2014 Makar Sankranti

                                      References

1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India 
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter    
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -247   
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History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Udaypur Patti Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Dhangu Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Pauri Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Chamoli Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Tehri Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Dehradun Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Haridwar Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Garhwal kingdom in Bijnor; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Garhwal Kingdom in Himachalpradesh; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Garhwal Kingdom in Saharanpur;

[Bhishma Kukreti]

Hetu Utpreksha Alankar or Parable by Objective Figure of Speech in Garhwali Folk Drama 

      गढ़वाली  लोक नृत्य-गीतों  , लोक नाटकों  में  हेतुप्रेक्षा /हेतु  उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार 
Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional Plays part -80 

                                    Bhishma Kukreti (लोक साहित्य शोधार्थी)

In this figure of speech, the nonobjective is taken as objective.

गढ़वाली  लोक नृत्य-गीतों  , लोक नाटकों  में  हेतुप्रेक्षा /हेतु उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार   का उदाहरण
"हिलांदी नाथुली" ,
'हुंगरा लगौन्द भग्यानी , नाकै  नाथुली'
मुल मुल हंसदी छोरी, "दै खतणि जनी"
त्वै कन लल्याळो प्यारी , "जनो दूदो को बाळी "
"मुखड़ी को हास देखे , मणियों  परकास"


(Dr. Shiva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Loknritya- Geet)

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 14 /1/2014

Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Community Dramas; Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional to be continued in next chapter.

                 References
1-Bharat Natyashastra
2-Steve Tillis, 1999, Rethinking Folk Drama
3-Roger Abrahams, 1972, Folk Dramas in Folklore and Folk life 
4-Tekla Domotor , Folk drama as defined in Folklore and Theatrical Research
5-Kathyrn Hansen, 1991, Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theater of North India
6-Devi Lal Samar, Lokdharmi Pradarshankari Kalayen 
7-Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 1-12
8-Dr Shiva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Loknritya geet
9-Jeremy Montagu, 2007, Origins and Development of Musical Instruments
10-Gayle Kassing, 2007, History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach
11- Bhishma Kukreti, 2013, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhya Tatva va Charitra, Shailvani, Kotdwara
12- Bhishma Kukreti, 2007, Garhwali lok Swangun ma rasa ar Bhav , Chithipatri
Xx
Hetu Utpreksha Alankar or Parable by Objective Figure of Speeches  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays; Hetu Utpreksha Alankar or Parable by Objective Figure of Speeches     in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Chamoli Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Hetu Utpreksha Alankar or Parable by Objective Figure of Speeches   in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Rudraprayag Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Hetu Utpreksha Alankar or Parable by Objective Figure of Speeches   in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Pauri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Hetu Utpreksha Alankar or Parable by Objective Figure of Speeches   in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Tehri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Hetu Utpreksha Alankar or Parable by Objective Figure of Speeches  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Uttarkashi Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Hetu Utpreksha Alankar or Parable by Objective Figure of Speeches  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Dehradun Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Hetu Utpreksha Alankar or Parable by Objective Figure of Speeches  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Haridwar Garhwal, North India, South Asia;
गढवाली लोक नाटकों में हेतुप्रेक्षा /हेतु उत्प्रेक्षा अलंकार,  टिहरी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  हेतुप्रेक्षा /हेतु उत्प्रेक्षा  अलंकार ;उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  हेतुप्रेक्षा /हेतु उत्प्रेक्षा  अलंकार, हरिद्वार गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  हेतुप्रेक्षा /हेतु उत्प्रेक्षा  अलंकार ;देहरादून गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  हेतुप्रेक्षा /हेतु उत्प्रेक्षा  अलंकार ;पौड़ी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  हेतुप्रेक्षा /हेतु उत्प्रेक्षा  अलंकार ;चमोली गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  हेतुप्रेक्षा /हेतु उत्प्रेक्षा  अलंकार; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  हेतुप्रेक्षा /हेतु उत्प्रेक्षा   अलंकार ;

[Bhishma Kukreti]

                           पटवार्युं कुछ किस्सा

                          चुनगेर ,चबोड़्या -चखन्यौर्या -भीष्म कुकरेती       

(s =आधी अ  = अ , क , का , की ,  आदि )

                  पटवार्युं बाराम जख जावो तख कुछ ना कुछ किस्सा मीलि जाला ।  आज बि पटवारी हमर समाजौ  कुण  आवश्यक अर महत्वपूर्ण बीमारी च।  सयेद बि नी च अर फिकेंद बि नी च। समाज पटवारी तैं भ्याळ जोग करण चांद अर सरकार चांदी बल बजट ह्वावो तो हरेक गां मा एक पटवारी चौकी खुले जावो।
                        पुरण जमानो ना म्यार जमानो मा बि पटवारी चपड़ासी कु रुतबा डिस्ट्रिक्ट कलेक्टर  से जादा छौ।  नाक से अधिक महत्व नाक का बाळ होंदन ।
              चपड़सी जी क लाठ  छुम छुम आवाज करदो छौ।  लाठ पर बंध्यां जौं घुंघरू आवाज से नचणा ज्यु बुल्याण चैंद छौ वु घुँघर लोगुं तैं डरांदा छा।
लोग बुल्दा बि छा हमर गां मा ज्यूंरा भेजि देन पण पटवारी जीक चपड़ासी जी तैं नि भेजिन।  ज्यूंरा त एक मनिख उठैक लिजालो पण पटवारी चपड़ासी खेत -पुंगड़ अर इज्ज्त ली जांदो छौ।  पटवारी चपड़ासी की भली सूरत बि डरांदी छे।  सुल्तानु डाकू से लोग इथगा नि डरदा छा जथगा पटवारी क चपड़ासी से डरदा छा।
               एक दैं बल हमर गां मा पटवारी जीक चपड़ासी हर हफ्ता भामा दाजिक इक  आणु राइ।  ना तो पटवारी जीक चपड़ासी जीन बवाल ना ही भामा दाजिन ब्वाल कि पटवारी जीक चपड़ासी जी बार बार किलै आणा छन। गां वाळ परेशान छा।  परेशानी बात ही छे।  कैक इक यमराज आवु अर कैक जान नि लीजावो इन ह्वैइ नि सकद ऊनि कैक इक पटवारी जीक चपड़ासी जी इथगा दिन आवन अर कूड़ी पुंगड़ी नीलाम नि ह्वावो इन नि ह्वे सकुद छौ। लोगुंक  समज मा नि आणु छौ कि भामा दाजीक क्वा पुंगड़ी नीलाम होलि धौं । खैर  जौंक टक्क भामा दाजीक स्यारुं पर छे ऊन पटवारी चौकी जाण शुरू कार पर तबी बि पता नि चौल कि भामा दाजीक क्वा पुंगड़ी नीलाम हूणी च।  आखिरैं जब पता चौल कि भामा दाजीक पुंगड़ी नीलाम नि हूणि च त सरा गां वाळ निरसे गेन।  करुण रस का  रसिया बि दुखी ह्वेन अर इर्स्या  से पैदा हुयुं रस का जळतमार रसिया बि निरसे गेन कि भामा दाजिक पुंगड़ी नीलाम नि होणि च।  असल मा पटवारी जीक चपड़ासी जीक डूंडो स्याळ छौ अर भामा दाजिक बबराट से भरपूर स्याळि छे।  भामा दाजिक ससुर जी बेटिक हजार रुपया मांगणा छा अर चपड़ासी जीक ससुर जी पांच सौ रुपया से अळग एक धेला  बि दीणो तयार नि छा।  अर चपड़ासी जी निगोसिएशन का वास्ता भामा दाजिक ड्यार आंद छा।  अंत मा इथगा निगोसिएशन का बाद भामा दाजिक कामगति स्याळि क कीमत सात सौ रुपया फिक्स ह्वे अर पटवारी जीक चपड़ासी भामा दाजिक साडो भाइ बणी गेन।  गां वाळ खुस ह्वे गेन कि अब पटवारी जीक चपड़ासी हमर बि रिस्तेदार ह्वे गेन।  पण गां वाळु कुण  या खुसी जादा दिन नि रै।  अब भामा दाजी कै तैं बि चपड़ासी जीक नाम से डराइ दींद छा।  जब तलक पटवारी जीक चपड़ासी नौकरी पर रैन भामा दाजिक बि अडगैं (क्षेत्र ) मा रौब रैन।  तब बुले जांद छौ कि राजा का कुत्ता का साडो भाइ हूण बि बड़ी बात हूंद।
     अजकाल बुले जांद कि पुलिस वाळ अपण टारगेट पूर करणो बान गुनाहगारों तैं त नि पकडदी पर बेगुनाहों तैं पकडदी।  या बात ब्रिटिश काल मा पटवार्युं पर बि लागु हूँद छौ।  स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन का बगत मथिन बिटेन पटवार्युं कुण अंग्रेज साबुं ऑर्डर आंद छौ कि ये मैना इथगा कॉंग्रेसी पकड़ण जरुरी च तो पटवारी लोग कै तैं बि कॉंग्रेसी बतैक पकड़ लींद छा।  वै बगत बि पहाड़ का कॉंग्रेसी शहरूं मा आंदोलन करदा छा जन कि उत्तराखंड क्रांति दल या परिवर्तन पार्टी ग्रामीण कृषि विकास का आंदोलन देहरादून का घंटा घर का तौळ चलांदन।  हमर क्षेत्र मा पटवारी जी तैं खुज्याण से बि कॉंग्रेसी नि मिलेन त पटवारी जीन दसेक इन लोग पकडिन जु हौळ लगाणा छया अर सब तैं पौड़ी लीगेन।  यूं हळयों पर ब्रिटिश सरकार का विरुद्ध साहित्य बँटणो , कुप्रचारो अभियोग लगायुं छौ।  पौड़ी मा  मजिस्ट्रेट साबन कैदियों तैं पूछ कि तुम ब्रिटिश राज का विरुद्ध छवां तो तब सबि  कैदियूं तैं पता चौल कि गुरख्याणि ख़तम ह्वे गे।
          अबि हमर छ्वाड़ एक घटना ह्वे गे एक पटवारी शिल्पकार छा।  असलम पटवारी या पुलिसमैन की जात नियुक्ति का बगत ही हूंद बाकि तो पटवारी या पुलिस की जात नि हूंद।  हां त एक आदिमन चिरडेक पटवारी चौकी म ऐक पटवारी तैं गाळि देदेन।  पटवारी वै आदिम तैं लेक लैंसडाउन ली गे  अर वैपर जातिगत   शब्दों गाळि दीणो अभियोग मा बंद करै दे।  मजिस्ट्रेट का समिण पता चौल कि अभियुक्त बि शिल्पकार छौ।  राज कैक बि ह्वावो पटवारी अर पुलिस कु काम बेग़ुनाहूं तैं पकड़नो बि च।


***  भोळ कुछ हौर किस्सा



Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  23  /1/2014

[गढ़वाली हास्य -व्यंग्य, सौज सौज मा मजाक  से, हौंस,चबोड़,चखन्यौ, सौज सौज मा गंभीर चर्चा ,छ्वीं;- जसपुर निवासी  द्वारा  जाती असहिष्णुता सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; ढांगू वाले द्वारा   पृथक वादी  मानसिकता सम्बन्धी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;गंगासलाण  वाले द्वारा   भ्रष्टाचार, अनाचार, अत्याचार पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; लैंसडाउन तहसील वाले द्वारा   धर्म सम्बन्धी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;पौड़ी गढ़वाल वाले द्वारा  वर्ग संघर्ष सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; उत्तराखंडी  द्वारा  पर्यावरण संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;मध्य हिमालयी लेखक द्वारा  विकास संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;उत्तरभारतीय लेखक द्वारा  पलायन सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; मुंबई प्रवासी लेखक द्वारा  सांस्कृतिक विषयों पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; महाराष्ट्रीय प्रवासी लेखक द्वारा  सरकारी प्रशासन संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; भारतीय लेखक द्वारा  राजनीति विषयक गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; सांस्कृतिक मुल्य ह्रास पर व्यंग्य , गरीबी समस्या पर व्यंग्य, आम आदमी की परेशानी विषय के व्यंग्य, जातीय  भेदभाव विषयक गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; एशियाई लेखक द्वारा सामाजिक  बिडम्बनाओं, पर्यावरण विषयों   पर  गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य, राजनीति में परिवार वाद -वंशवाद   पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; ग्रामीण सिंचाई   विषयक  गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य, विज्ञान की अवहेलना संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य  ; ढोंगी धर्म निरपरेक्ष राजनेताओं पर आक्षेप , व्यंग्य , अन्धविश्वास  पर चोट करते गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य    श्रृंखला जारी  ] 

[Bhishma Kukreti]

             Introduction to History of Garhwal from 1223-1804

             History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -1
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -246

                       By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
 
                    Garhwal Region or Kedarkhand:  an Introduction

Garhwal region has following districts –
District --------------Area Sq Kilometer -----------Population in Lakhs 2011
Uttarkashi -------------  9016 ---------------------3.29
Chamoli Garhwal -----8032--------------------3.91
Rudraprayag    ----------1890 ------------------2.36
Tehri Garhwal ------   4080----------------6.16
Dehradun    ------------3038 ------------------------16.9
Pauri Garhwal   ------5399 ------------------------6.86
Haridwar   ---------------2360------------------19.27
  Kumaon Uttarakhand is in east of Garhwal region. Bijnor district of Uttar Pradesh is in south of Garhwal region. Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh are in west of Garhwal region.  Tibet of China is in north of Garhwal region.

                            Rule of Krachall

In previous chapters of History of Uttarakhand (Katyuri period) the readers already read that Krachall ruled Uttarakhand including Garhwal in or around 1223. Kalchakra ruled on Uttarakhand through Mandlik or regional rulers (read History of Uttarakhand part -142).

              Hundreds of Rulers in Garhwal and Kumaon
       After Krachall or his successor's rule (most probably 1250) the small kingdoms or Garhi or Garh emerged in Garhwal. The folklores of that period still exist in Garhwal and Kumaon.  The centralized rule of Krachall or successors was no more in Garhwal and Kumaon and regional rulers emerged as rulers of particular region called Garhi or Garh.  These regional rulers started fighting and more and more small Garh or forts (rulers) emerged in the scene.

            Garh or Forts in Garhwal in Thirteenth Century

            The rulers of these small regions used to build fort in high hills of the regions called as Gadh or Garh or Garhi. The rulers used to keep weapons, arms-ammunitions, army and families in the fort or Garhi. From their Garh owners used to rule nearby villages. 
             The fort used to be built inaccessible place at high hills and could be seen from distances. There used to arrangement of water and food articles. All roads towards Garh or fort were closed and only one road used to be open. The army used to watch that accessible road very rigorously.
              In many Garhi, there was not water source. In such types of Garh or fort, rain water stopped by mud or stone walls. Water was also reserved in Wood, stone or mud vessels. There were staircases from rivulets or canals to the fort as could be seen today in Bhairogadhi Langur, Pauri Garhwal.  There used to be tunnels to reach river or rivulets. The tunnels could be seen in Chandpurgarhi, Gujdugadhi and Lakhamandal Gadhi. These tunnels were to run away in safe place when Garh is in danger by attack from enemy.

            Numbers of Garh or Garhi in Garhwal
  Raturi and Rahul state that Panwar King Ajaypal won sixty two or fifty two Garh and included them into his kingdom. However, the numbers of Garhi was more than Raturi's estimate.
Region ---------------------- --------------------------- Names of Garhi ------------Numbers
1-North border ----- ------Gadhtang, Painkhanda,Dasholi ------------------------------4---
2-East Border ----- ----------------------Badhan, Chandpur,Chaud, Top
East Border ------------------------------------Ranigarh, Lohaba, Dhauna,Vangarh,
---------------------------------------------------------------------Kanda, Gujadu, Sawali ----------11
3-South Garhwal
(Talla Salan, Gangasalan, Bhabhar, Narnedra nagr Dehradun)--- Mahabgadh, Baggadh
---------------------------------------------------------------------Ajmir Garh, Shrigurugarh,
-------------------------------------------------------------------Mavakot, Gadkot, Bhairongadh,
------------------------------------------------------------------ Ghughti, Dhangu
---------------------------------------------------------------------Badalpur, Laldhang, ChandiSatur,
--------------------------------------------------------------------Kolagarh, Shergarh, Nanorgarh
------------------------------------------------------------------Nalagadh, Veerbhadra, Mordhaj,
-------------------------------------------------------------Pathargarh,Kunaji, Ratan, kuili, Bharpur-24
4-West Border ----------------------Jorgarh, Biraltagarh, Silgarh, Mungragarh, SankariGarh
(Jaunpur, Mahasu, Shimla)--------------------------, Badkot,Dodrakwargadh, Ramigarh----------8
5-Mandakini valley----------------------------------Nagpur, Kandara
6- Upper East valley --------------------------Ulkagadh, Aidasu, Devalgarh, Nayalgarh,
(Devalgarh, Barhsyun, Chaundkot ) --------Kolligarh, Dhaunagarh,Bangarh, Kandagarh, --------------------------------------------------------------Chaundkot -----------------------------------------------9
7- Westren valley
(Udaypur, Kirtinagar, Chandravadani, Chilla-------------------------------------------------------------
Pratapnagar, Bhardar, Bhilang)-------------------------------- Uppu Garh, Maulyagarh, Rainkagarh, Bhagargadh
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Bhardar garh, Sangelagarh -------6
Total Garh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64
There were many Garh or forts in Haridwar those were present before 1223 .
There are folklores those mention following Garhi too-
Maluvakot, Amuvakot, Kalnikot, Ramoligadh, Lohanigarh, Katyurgarh, Chandgarh, kalavatikot, Nandanikot, Dharnigadhi, Malsigadhi, Kotligadhi, Bhanikot, Chandikot, etc . There is no history records of those Garh mentioned in folklores.

****Read about more about Garhi administration in next chapter...


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 14/1/2014 Makar Sankranti

                                      References

1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India 
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter    
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -247   
Xx
History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Udaypur Patti Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Dhangu Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Pauri Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Chamoli Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Tehri Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Dehradun Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Haridwar Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Garhwal kingdom in Bijnor; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Garhwal Kingdom in Himachalpradesh; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Garhwal Kingdom in Saharanpur;

[Bhishma Kukreti]

History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century

             History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -2

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -247

                       By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

               The Gadhpati or Rulers of Northern Garhwal Border touching Tibet

                 In early age, Tankan community settled in Northern Garhwal touching Tibet. Due to settling of Tankan community in North Garhwal Himalaya, Garhwal automatically was divided into two specific parts. Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral shows probability that Western north Garhwal or Taknaur was ruled by Badahat Gadhpati or influenced by Badahat Gadhpati (rulers of Garh). The eastern part was called Katyuri region. Katyuri ruled in this region.
             The rulers of Taknaur region were called Sughadh or Budhere. The elders and old men used to take decisions for political, cultural, social and economical activities. The rule was as Kabila administration.
           Gadhtang fort was important for Badahat rulers and Tibetan people in terms of defense strategy. Tibetans used to attack on Badahat regions (Uttarkashi). Historians found Tibetan coins from nearby area of Gadhtang fort, Badahat region. 
The powerful rulers of Taknaur or Tankan region used to attack on south rulers in winter season.

               Life of Inhabitants of Tankan Region touching Tibet 

              The inhabitants of Tankan and Painkhanda regions had to settle in southern region in winter season.
          Due to inhabitant less in upper Himalayan region of Garhwal in winter season, Tibetan looters used to encroach in this area and used to loot valuables. Tibet looters looted Badrinath temple many times.   
             Livelihood of Taknaur or Tankan Region
    The inhabitants of Tankan region had to depend on commercial acts with Tibet. Tankan people were also herdsmen. In summer, they used to take sellable materials of Garhwal on the backs of goat and sheep to Tibet and in winter they used to sell products of Tibet in Garhwal till Bhabhar. This practice was there very much till China war 1962. Tibet salt was always in demand. The woolen clothing was also in demand in Garhwal for centuries.
         Bhotiya (commonly called for Tankan people) created a special business based language called Bhotiya language. Most Bhotiya followed Buddhism or Lama Religion. A few Bhotiya followed worshipping deities and goddesses of Hindu religion.

                         Gadhpati of Mandakini valley
                Mandakini valley was most protected region of Garhwal. Mandakini valley was also superior in terms of natural beauty and fertile land.
                Gopeshwar was the capital of Kedarbhumi or Mandakini valley in the periods of Nag Kings and Chall kings.
Today, we only know about Ngapur Garh and Kandar Garh of Mandakini valley.
It is said that the last Gadhpati or ruler of Nagpur Garh was Sajan Singh. No other details are available about Nagpur Garh. It is believed that Kandar Garh was established in thirteenth century.
    The rulers of Garhs of Mandakini valley were peace lovers and able administrators. Gopeshwar was famous pilgrim place. Rulers and other devotees built temples there.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/1/2014
                                      References

1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India 
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola , Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter    
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -248   
Xx
History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Mana Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Neeti Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Nanda Devi region of Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Border of Tibet in  Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Badahat Uttarkashi Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Gopeshwar Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Mandakini Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Nagpur Gadh Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Kandar Garh Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in north Chamoli Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in North Rudraprayag Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century;

[Bhishma Kukreti]

History of Gadh / Garhi of East Border touching Kumaon and Eastern and Western Plateaus of Garhwal from twelfth to fifteen century

             History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -3

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -248

                       By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

           No doubt before 1223 there was rule of Katyuri or Chall families on Garhwal but regional chieftains or Gadhpati /Garhpati of Gadh or Garhs were real rulers.

         Regional Chieftains (Garhpati) of Eastern Border of Garhwal

   The historians have records of eleven Gadhi or Garhi of east border of Garhwal from thirteen century-in Malla Salan, Badhan and Chandpur Pargana.
             Baijnath, Katyur, Dwarhat, and Baramandal Gadhi were in Kumaon at this period. There were attacks and counter attacks from each side of Kumaon and Garhwal.
         Dilbar Singh and Pramod Singh had been brave and famous Gadhpati of Lohava  Garh.
               Chaudal of Chaud Garh, Topal of Top Garh and Chahman of Chandpur Garh had been very powerful chieftains of their Garh.

                   Garhpati or Regional Chieftains of Eastern Plateau of Garhwal

There were main nine Garhi of Devalgarh, Barahsyun and Chaundkot in east plateau of Garhwal. There are folklores about Gadh of Devalgarh but we lost folklores about Gadhpati of Barahsyun and Chaundkot.  It is said that Deval from Kangada established Deval Gadhi.
When Garhwal King Ajayapal had to flee from Chandpur Garhi and established capital in Devalgarh. Later on Garhwal King shifted from Devalgarh to Shrinagar.

                      Gadhpati of Western Plateau of Garhwal

                  Big part of west plateau was covered by forest. There are records of six Gadhis as Udyapur, Kirtinagar, Chandrabadani, Chilla, Pratapnagar, Bhardar and Bhilang region of Garhwal.
         Ghirvan Khas rulers were rulers of Bangargadh.
Kaffu Chauhan was ruler of Uppu Garh. Ajaypal defeated kaffu Chauhan. Sonpla was ruler of Bhilang plateau.

                    Chieftains of Western border of Garhwal
Western border of Garhwal was touching Himachal Pradesh. Records and folklores are lost about Gadhpati of Western border of Garhwal touching Himachal.
Bhup Singh was last ruler of Jaunpur Garh.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/1/2014
                                      References

1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India 
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola , Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter    
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -249   
Xx
History of Gadh / Garhi of East Border touching Kumaon and Eastern and Western Plateaus of Garhwal; History of Gadh / Garhi of Western Plateaus of Garhwal, Jaunpurgadh; Garhwal; History of Gadh / Garhi of Western Plateaus of Garhwal, Ravai; History of Gadh / Garhi of Western Plateaus of Mahasu Garhwal; History of Gadh / Garhi of Western Plateaus of Udaypur Garhwal; History of Gadh / Garhi of Western Plateaus of  Bhilangana valley Garhwal; History of Gadh / Garhi of  Western Plateaus of  Bhardar, Pratapnagar , Chilla Garhwal; History of Gadh / Garhi of  East border  Garhwal, Malla Salan, Badhan and Chandpur Pargana; History of Gadh / Garhi of  East Plateau Garhwal, Devalgarh, Barahsyun and Chaundkot...