Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख

Bhishma Kukreti · January 23, 2014, 11:19:23 AM

History of Garh and Garhpati of South Garhwal

History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -4

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -249

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
Gangasalan, Talla Salan, Bhabhar (All in Pauri Garhwal), Narendra Nagar (Tehri Garhwal), Dehradun and Haridwar regions come under South Garhwal. There were maximum Garhs in this region. It is believed that there were at least 24 Garhs in South Garhwal including Haridwar. The folklores have been lost about many Garhs.
For example, there is folklore about Dhang Garh (Jhaid, Talla Dhangu, Pauri Garhwal). It is said that there was a fort on top of Dhang Garh near Ganga bank where King used to live. It is believed by Jhaid villagers that there was water reservoir and many other facilities in fort. The enemy attacked on fort and the King buried his wealth /jewels and jewelries and handed over snakes to protect the wealth. The enemy killed the Dhang Garh king but could not take wealth of Dhangu King because of snake. Still is believed that now, if anybody enters the wealth area, snakes come to bite people. However, no historian mention about this folklore.
The high numbers of Garhs in South Garhwal does not mean that there were twenty four rulers. It might be that one ruler or Garhpati might have more than one Garh or Garhi.
Suntor Garh is in Dehradun. Kaulagarh was in between Vasantpur and Sahaspur of Dehradun district.
Nalapani Garh or Khalangagad (Dehradun) was very important Garh even in nineteenth century. After winning this Garh British won war against Gorakha.
There was Shergarh at Yamuna bank. Further to Shergarh there was Kani Garh. The regional commander of Shahjahan won this Garh.
Laldhang Garh was important Garh in Bhabhar. It had importance in Mogul period too.
Mordhwaj Garh is between Kotdwar and Nazibabad .
There are ruins of Garh in east part of Bhabhar.

History aspects of Garh in Haridwar

Nanorgarh was in between Haridwar and Rishikesh. There must be two or three Garh in present Haridwar district.
There are ruins of a fort in Veer Bhadra and is called Gadhwal Raja ka Kila. Chandighat was one of the important Garh in Haridwar. There are ruins of a Garh near to Chandighat Haridwar.
There must be Garh or fort in or near Manglaur too in twelfth century.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/1/2014
References

1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -250
Xx
History of Garh and Garhpati of South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Talla Salan, South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Ganga Salan South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Bhabhar South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Dehradun South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Ninorgarh Haridwar South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Garhwali Raja ka Kila South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Mordhwaj South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Dhang Garh South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Mahab Garh South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Narendra Ngar South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Dhangu South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Langur South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Ajmer South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Udyapur South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Dabralsyun South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Manglaur South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Chandighat South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun);

Bhishma Kukreti · January 23, 2014, 11:22:37 AM

Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Garhwal Early Medieval Period

History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -5

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -250

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Studying the geographical positions of Garh or Garhis it is concluded that Katyuri and Katyuri family relatives (Tajnakon-Ranoton) were the founders of Garh/Garhi in Garhwal and Haridwar. It might be that in Haridwar and some parts of Bhabhar, successors of Kulinda or army commanders of post Gupta periods might be founder of forts or Garhi.

It is presumed that at least till twelfth century, the Katyuris were rulers of Garh or Garhs in Garhwal including Haridwar. However, the commanders of Katyuris, commanders of Challa kings captured the Garhi founded by Katyuri family members. There were new comers Rajput army men who also captured Garhis from Katyuri commanders. When Ajyapal captured fifty two Garhis in sixteenth century there were no Katyuri family rulers of Garhis but were Khadkhola Negi, Kulsad Negi, Mandarwal, Mulani Bisht,Rajwar, rautela, Ringwad Rawat and a couple of Kaintura.
The administrative posts in Challa period were Rawat, Negi, Bisht and Bhandari and continued in Garhi period too. They captured Garhi after Challa kingdom.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/1/2014
References

1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal Ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas
15-Furar, Monumental Antiquities
16-Haudiwala, Studies in Indo-Muslim History

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -251
Xx
Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Haridwar, Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Dehradun Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Jaunsar Bhabhar, Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Uttarkashi Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Tehri Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Rudraprayag Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Chamoli Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Lansdowne Tehsil Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Salan Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Pauri Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Bhilangana Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Tons-Yamuna valley Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Neeti-Mana region Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Pauri Garhwal Early Medieval Period;

Bhishma Kukreti · January 23, 2014, 11:23:57 AM

Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Garhwal

History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -6

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -251

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

There were many Garhi or regional chieftains of tribes or small territories in Garhwal and Kumaon. The same situation existed in Nepal, Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir and Afghanistan. The powerful chieftains used to attack on smaller or weak Garhi or tribes and used to increase their influential regions. There was no single Garhpati or chieftain who could win over major territories.

Reasons of Wars among Regional Chieftains or Gadhpati
Each chieftain used to fight with other chieftain and weakening each other area. The constant fighting allowed others to dominate them.
There were three main reasons for war among chieftains-
1-Boundary Disputes- Boundary disputes was to get supremacy.
2-Old enmities- The old enmities were other reasons for infighting among Gadhpati. If a warrior is killed in a war, his widow used to nourish her children in lonely forest or village and used to inspire children to take revenge who killed their father. Many times widows fought among themselves.
3-For women- The chieftains used to attack other region by hearing stories about a beautiful girl or woman. The chieftains used to fell pride on consuming women of his region.
The weapons were bow-arrow, swords, Khukari. Bamboo sticks was another weapon. Stones were kept on top of hills and when the enemy used to march towards hills from down the soldiers used to push stones towards valley.

Bhad or Hudkiya

Gadhpati or chieftains used to appoint Hudkiyas who used to sing inspirational songs for soldiers and used to sing in praise of Gadhpati. Hudkiya used to have a drum type music instrument.

Gram Panchayat or Village Councils

Gram Panchayat or Village Councils used to manage the social and judiciary in villages. Village council chief was called Pradhan, Thokdar or Sayana. The village councilor used to listen the pleas of people on a big respectful stone. In many villages, such stones are still exist. The villagers used to pay tribute or tax to Gadhpati in the form of grains, Ghee.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 23/1/2014
References

1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal Ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas
15-Furar, Monumental Antiquities
16-Haudiwala, Studies in Indo-Muslim History

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -252
Xx
Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Haridwar, Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Dehradun, Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Jaunsar Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Ravain Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Gangotri region Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Uttarkashi Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Bhilangana valley Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Tehri Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Kedar valley Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Neeti- Mana region Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Chamoli Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Rudraprayag Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Rath, Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Pauri region Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Salan region Garhwal;

Bhishma Kukreti · January 23, 2014, 12:35:18 PM

उत्तराखंड पर्यटन विकास परिपेक्ष्य में दुबई का आकर्षक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय पर्यटक स्थल बनने के कारण Part -4

Development of Dubai as an Attractive International Tourism Destination an Example for Uttarakhand Tourism Development Part -4

(Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Management for Garhwal, Kumaon and Hardwar series--39)

उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन -भाग 39
लेखक : भीष्म कुकरेती (विपणन व विक्री प्रबंधन विशेषज्ञ )

दुबई अंतर्राष्ट्रीय पर्यटक स्थल बनने की यात्रा

१- १९६० में दुबई एयरपोर्ट का निर्माण
२-१९६६ में चार बड़े समुद्री तेल भंडारों की खोज
३- १९७१ रशीद बंदरगाह का निर्माण
४-१९७७ में जेबल अली पोर्ट निर्माण
५- १९८५ में एमिरिटस एयरलाइंस की स्थापना
६-१९८९ में दुबई टूरिज्म बोर्ड की स्थापना
७-१९९२ में दुबई फायनेंसियल सेंटर की स्थापना
८-१९९६ से दुबई आंतराष्ट्रीय शॉपिंग मेले की शुरुवात
९-१९९९ में बुर्ज अल अरब की स्थापना
१०- २००१ में वार्षिक दुबई समर सरप्राइज मेले की शुरुवात
११-२०१० में नये एयर पोर्ट का निर्माण
१२-२०१० से पर्यटन प्रचार -प्रसार में नई ऊर्जावान रणनीति
१३- दुबई वर्ल्ड सेंटर की स्थापना
१४-कई खेलों टूरिज्म प्रोडक्ट्स को समय समय पर शुरुवात , विकास, बढ़ावा

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 23 /1/2014

Contact ID bckukreti@gmail.com

Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Management for Garhwal, Kumaon and Hardwar series to be continued ...

उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन श्रृंखला जारी ...

References

1 -भीष्म कुकरेती, 2006 -2007 , उत्तरांचल में पर्यटन विपणन परिकल्पना , शैलवाणी (150 अंकों में ) , कोटद्वार , गढ़वाल
xx

Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in Uttarakhand; Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in, Haridwar Garhwal Uttarakhand; Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in Dehradun Garhwal Uttarakhand; Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in Pauri Garhwal Uttarakhand; Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in Uttarkashi Garhwal Uttarakhand; Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand; Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in Chamoli Garhwal Uttarakhand; Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in Rudraprayag Garhwal Uttarakhand; Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in Pithoragarh Kumaon Uttarakhand; Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in Almora Kumaon Uttarakhand; Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in Bageshwar Kumaon Uttarakhand; Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in Champawat, Kumaon Uttarakhand; Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in Nainital, Kumaon Uttarakhand; Birth of Dubai as International Tourist Destination in Context of Tourism Development in Udham Singh Nagar , Kumaon Uttarakhand;

उत्तराखंड पर्यटन विकास परिपेक्ष्य में दुबई का आकर्षक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय पर्यटक स्थल बनने के कारण Part -3

Development of Dubai as an Attractive International Tourism Destination an Example for Uttarakhand Tourism Development Part -3

(Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Management for Garhwal, Kumaon and Hardwar series--38)

उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन -भाग 38
लेखक : भीष्म कुकरेती (विपणन व विक्री प्रबंधन विशेषज्ञ )

दुबई पर्यटन विकास के मुख्य विंदु
१- सुरक्षा
२-ठोस व नजदीक
३-अन्य स्थानों से परिवहनीय सीधा संबंध
४-सस्ते में विलासता व विचरण
५- विशेष मेलाओं का संयोजन
६- क्रूज आदि

दुबई का विश्व पर्यटन प्रतियोगिता में स्थान
WEF 's T & T Competitiveness Ranking 2011
१- १३९ देसों में ३० वां स्थान
२-क्षेत्रीय पर्यटन विकास में प्रथम स्थान
३-डेस्टिनेशन मार्केटिंग कैम्पियन में प्रथम स्थान
४- वायु परिवहन में ४ था स्थान
५- सरकारी सहायता में ८ वां स्थान
६- नियमों से पर्यटकों सहायता ३८ वां स्थान

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 21 /1/2014

Contact ID bckukreti@gmail.com

Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Management for Garhwal, Kumaon and Hardwar series to be continued ...

उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन श्रृंखला जारी ...

References

1 -भीष्म कुकरेती, 2006 -2007 , उत्तरांचल में पर्यटन विपणन परिकल्पना , शैलवाणी (150 अंकों में ) , कोटद्वार , गढ़वाल
xx

उत्तराखंड पर्यटन विकास परिपेक्ष्य में दुबई का आकर्षक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय पर्यटक स्थल बनने के कारण Part -2

Development of Dubai as an Attractive International Tourism Destination an Example for Uttarakhand Tourism Development Part -2

(Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Management for Garhwal, Kumaon and Hardwar series--37)

उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन -भाग 37
लेखक : भीष्म कुकरेती (विपणन व विक्री प्रबंधन विशेषज्ञ )

पर्यटक संख्या के मापदंड के अनुसार दुनिया में दुबई का स्थान सातवां है।
अब दुबई केवल ड्यूटी फ्री वस्तुओं के लिए, आराम हेतु यात्रा के लिए प्रसिद्ध स्थान नही रह गया है अपितु अब दुबई बहु उद्येसीय पर्यटन के लिए प्रसिद्ध है।
१- दुबई में लेजर या आराम पर्यटन - 68 %

२- व्यापार पर्यटन -32 %

दुबई में लेजर, मनोरंजन या आराम पर्यटन
अवकाश पर्यटन -27 %
सगे संबंधियों व दोस्तों से मिलने वाले पर्यटक -21 %
खरीदादरी -16 %
समुद्र तटीय पर्यटन - 10 %
यात्रा मध्य रुकने वाले पर्यटक - 8 %
दुबई दर्शन -4 %
समुद्री क्रूज पर्यटक - 4 %
जलवायु पर्यटन - 3 %
मनोरंजन मेले - 3 %
अन्य - 4 %

दुबई में व्यापार पर्यटन
१-व्यापरिक बैठकें -35%
२- MICE (मीटिंग , इंसेंटिव्स , कॉन्फेरेंसेस ,एक्जिवेसंस )- 27 %
३- FIT या खेल संबंधी - 22 %
४- वायु व जल परिहवन कर्मिक - 9 %
५- व्यापरिक प्रयोजनाएं - 5%
६-शिक्षा व प्रशिक्षण - 2%

शेष अगले भाग में ............।

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 12 /1/2014

Contact ID bckukreti@gmail.com

Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Management for Garhwal, Kumaon and Hardwar series to be continued ...

उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन श्रृंखला जारी ...

References

1 -भीष्म कुकरेती, 2006 -2007 , उत्तरांचल में पर्यटन विपणन परिकल्पना , शैलवाणी (150 अंकों में ) , कोटद्वार , गढ़वाल

Bhishma Kukreti · January 24, 2014, 10:28:14 AM

North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Garhwal

History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -7

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -252

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Social Customs in Garhi Rule in Garhwal

There were main three social classes in Garhi period of Garhwal –
Brahmin
Rajput
And Craftsman (The name was 'Doom' but this word is now unconstitutional)
There was dominance of Tantrik Brahmin than Karmkandi Brahmin. Nath sect was dominating sect among Brahmin and Craftsmen or Shilpkar communities. Tantrik- Mantrik used to company rulers in war and hunting.
Khas were in majority among Rajput community. In fact, most of Rajput communities were outsiders. Khas were very powerful.
Male used to protect their women and frequent fights among Garhi rulers were for women among people. In some cases, Sati custom was seen among ruling community. However, in society Sati custom was not there among common people. Widow marriage was very common. Having more than one wife was a tradition. In many areas common wife for brothers was also a tradition.

Religious Customs

Village deities and goddesses had importance in every part of life.
Nagraja, Narsingh, Ghandiyal, Kshetrapal, Goril, Gwull, Nirankar deities had already come in existence. People used to believe that those deities were as human beings. People believed that deities offer protection, health, health rescue and prosperity to devotees.
People used to believe on Ancheri (oread), Bhut (dissatisfied souls), Pishach (bad souls) etc.
There were strong beliefs on Mantra and Tantra. People believed that Tantra-Mantra power could defeat the enemy. Mantrik used to perform rituals on ash, mustarded seeds (Rangud Mantran and Rai Mantran) cow urine, milk, Ghee, Ganga water etc.

Day to Day Life
Rulers used to take tax on land, domestic animals, milk etc. The people had least demand for life. They had least clothing.
Medicinal researches were nowhere and people used to die in immature age. There were various accidental causes of death. Epidemics and animal bites were common factors for death.
There was inbound social structure for keeping land intact as single wife of all brothers, land ownership to eldest ones. Suicide was common to get heaven after death. Jogi –Jogan had important place in society. People used to put child on the Jholi of Jogi or Jogan for protecting the child from evils.
Making daughters as Dev Dasi (temple prostitute or dancer) was common customs.
Famine was a common factor. Due to less availability of food, slavery was common. People used to sell their children and women. Many communities used to visit planes in winter season for selling Ganga water or for begging.

Hardship in Life

There was hardship in every step of life. Administration was unstable and was another cause not going for new adventure in agriculture.
Migration from planes was more and new culture was invading the old customs. Khas rulers were not sponsors for Temple building, Sanskrit. There was no scope for learning and did not come any new architecture in Garhi period.

Powerful rulers used to take weaker Garhi under them. Anarchism was common.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 24/1/2014
References

1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal Ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas
15-Furar, Monumental Antiquities
16-Haudiwala, Studies in Indo-Muslim History

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -253
Xx
North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Haridwar Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Dehradun Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Uttarkashi Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Tehri Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Chamoli Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Rudraprayag Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Pauri Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Garhwal, Himalaya;

Bhishma Kukreti · January 24, 2014, 07:26:06 PM

Antyanupras or Consonance Alliteration Figure of Speech in Garhwali Folk Drama

गढ़वाली लोक नृत्य-गीतों , लोक नाटकों में अंत्यानुप्रास अलंकार

Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional Plays part -86

Bhishma Kukreti (लोक साहित्य शोधार्थी)
When in nay poetry the consonant at the end of poetry line is repeated it is called Consonance Alliteration Figure of Speech. Following is an example of Consonance Alliteration Figure of Speech in Garhwali Drama

गढ़वाली लोक नृत्य-गीतों , लोक नाटकों में अंत्यानुप्रास अलंकार का उदाहरण
लाल बणी होलि ब्वै , काफळ की डाळी
लोग खांदा होला ब्वै , लूण राळि राळी
xxx
तू होली बीरा ऊँची निसि डांड्यु माँ , घस्यार्युं भेष माँ
खुद मा तेरी सड़क्यूं माँ मि रूणु छौं परदेस माँ
(Song by: Jeet Singh Negi)

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 24 /1/2014

Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Community Dramas; Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional to be continued in next chapter.

References
1-Bharat Natyashastra
2-Steve Tillis, 1999, Rethinking Folk Drama
3-Roger Abrahams, 1972, Folk Dramas in Folklore and Folk life
4-Tekla Domotor , Folk drama as defined in Folklore and Theatrical Research
5-Kathyrn Hansen, 1991, Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theater of North India
6-Devi Lal Samar, Lokdharmi Pradarshankari Kalayen
7-Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 1-12
8-Dr Shiva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Loknritya geet
9-Jeremy Montagu, 2007, Origins and Development of Musical Instruments
10-Gayle Kassing, 2007, History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach
11- Bhishma Kukreti, 2013, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhya Tatva va Charitra, Shailvani, Kotdwara
12- Bhishma Kukreti, 2007, Garhwali lok Swangun ma rasa ar Bhav , Chithipatri
Xx
Antyanupras or Consonance Alliteration Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays; Antyanupras or Consonance Alliteration Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Chamoli Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Antyanupras or Consonance Alliteration Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Rudraprayag Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Antyanupras or Consonance Alliteration Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Pauri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Antyanupras or Consonance Alliteration Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Tehri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Antyanupras or Consonance Alliteration Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Uttarkashi Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Antyanupras or Consonance Alliteration Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Dehradun Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Antyanupras or Consonance Alliteration Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Haridwar Garhwal, North India, South Asia;
गढवाली लोक नाटकों में अंत्यानुप्रास अलंकार, टिहरी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में अंत्यानुप्रास अलंकार ;उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में अंत्यानुप्रास अलंकार, हरिद्वार गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में अंत्यानुप्रास अलंकार ;देहरादून गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में अंत्यानुप्रास अलंकार ;पौड़ी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में अंत्यानुप्रास अलंकार ;चमोली गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में अंत्यानुप्रास अलंकार; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में अंत्यानुप्रास अलंकार ;

Bhishma Kukreti · January 25, 2014, 08:21:02 AM

दुसरौ मुन्नि बदनाम नि कारो , तुमर घौरम बि मुन्नि बैठीं च

चुनगेर ,चबोड़्या -चखन्यौर्या -भीष्म कुकरेती

(s =आधी अ = अ , क , का , की , आदि )

अचकाल राजनीतिज्ञों मा टीवी समिण दुसरौ मुन्नि (नीयत या राजनैतिक , सरकारी कार्य ) तैं बदनाम करणो रोग बिंडी लग गे। अपण पूठक गुवक थड़का त दिखद नि छन दुसरो मुख पर लग्युं सुक्युं माटु पर बड़ो हो हल्ला करणा रौंदन।
अब द्याखो ना ! राजनीति तैं बदलणो बान हाई स्टैण्डर्ड की बात करण वाळ आम आदमी पार्टी बि ऊनि करतब करण बिस्याणि च जन सबि राजनैतिक पार्टी करदा छा। ठीक च दिल्ली का न्याय मंत्री सोमनाथ भारतीन क्वी इथगा बड़ो सामजिक गुनाह नि कार पण संवैधानिक गुनाह तो उंसे ह्वैइ गे कि ना ? तो हाइ स्टैंडर्ड का हिसाब से आम आदमी पार्टी तैं कुछ तो करण ही पोडल कि ना ? दूसरौ मुन्नी तैं बदनाम त आप पार्टी बि करणि च अर अपण घौरम बैठी अपण मुन्नी तैं नि दिखणा छंन।
एक बेवकूफी करण वाळ पार्टी च भाजापा ज्वा आम आदमी पार्टी की मुन्नी ( राजनैतिक कार्य ) तैं बदनाम करणो बान धरना आदि करणी च। अब मेरी समज मा आइ कि दिल्ली वाळुन भाजापा पर झाडु किलै लगाइ। दिल्ली की भाजापा लोगुं नबज पछ्याणनम नाकाब पार्टी च। एबगत आम आदमी पार्टी की आग जळणी च अर तुम धरना देकि वीं आग मा धरना रूपी घी ना पेट्रोल डळणा छंवां ? मि त मुंबई मा बैठिक बि बताइ सकदु कि यद्यपि सोमनाथ भारती संवैधानिक हिसाब से दोषी ह्वे सकदन किन्तु जनता की नजरों मा सोमनाथ भारती रॉबिनहुड छन. अर इन मा भाजापा वाळ सोमनाथ भारती का विरोध करणा छन तो अपणो ही नुकसान करणा छन। कबि कबि विरोध नि करण भौत बड़ो विरोध हूंद। आम आदमी पार्टी तो चांदी च कि भाजपा विरोध कार अर आम आदमी पार्टी की घर बैठ पब्लिसिटी ह्वावो।
अर भाजपा की राज्य सरकारों , नगर निगमों , पंचायतों मा सैकड़ों सोमनाथ बैठ्या छन फिर इन माँ सोमनाथ का विरोध कौरिक क्या मीलल ? अपण घौरम बदनाम मुन्नी बैठीं च अर दूसरौ मुन्नी तैं बदनाम करण कखक न्याय निसाब च भै ?
कॉंग्रेस तो बिदूषक जन नाटक करणी च। खुद मुन्नियों जन्मदात्री ह्वैक दुसरौं मुन्नियों तैं बदनाम करण केवल एक विदूषक ही कौर सकुद।
दूसरौ मुन्नी तैं बदनाम करण पर याद आयि कि जब 1977 मा जनता दल की सरकार आयि तो कुछ नेता इंदिरा गांधी की बात ही नि करदा छा। किन्तु कुछ चरण सिंग जन नेता इंदिरा गांधी पैथर लत्था लेक पड़ी गेन अर यूँ नेताओंन इंदिरा गांधी तैं जेल मा बंद करी दे। रातों रात इंदिरा गांधी का इमेरजेंसी पाप धुली गेन अर इंदिरा गांधी को पुनर्जन्म ह्वे गे। वा वैदिन से दुबर रानी बौण गे। कबि कबि कैक अत्याधिक विरोध बि नुकसानदेय हूंद। असल मा इंदिरा गांधी क बात नि करण ही मा जनता दल को फायदा छौ किन्तु जब राजनीतिज्ञ जनता की नबज पछ्याणनम गलती करदन तो इंदिरा गांधी जन विरोधी तैं ऑक्सीजन दीन्दन। ये मामला मा इंदिरा गांधी होसियार छे। दुबर सरकार मा आणो बाद इंदिरा गांधीन जनता सरकार की बात ही नि कार अर यांसे जनता दल इरेलिवेंट साबित ह्वै गे।
आज नरेंद्र मोदी की प्रसिद्धि, जन झुकाव, लोकप्रियता का पैथर भाजापा कु हाथ एक रति भर बि नी च। सन 2002 से लेक आज सुबेर तलक क्वी दिन इन नि गे होलु जैदिन कै राष्ट्रीय नेतान नरेंद्र मोदी की काट नि कौर होलि। अर राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर रोज नरेंद्र मोदी की आलोचनान नरेंद्र मोदी तैं अंतराष्ट्रीय नेता बणै दे। दुसरै मुन्नी तैं बदनाम करणो चक्कर मा दुसरै मुन्नी पॉपुलर बि ह्वे जांद , यु दिखणाइ तो नरेंद्र मोदीक पॉपुलरिटी ग्राफ देखि ल्यावो।
इनी आम आदमी पार्टीक पॉपुलरिटी बि , लोकप्रियता बि च। भाजापा अर कॉंग्रेस द्वारा आप पार्टी की अनावश्यक आलोचना से आम आदमी पार्टी तैं भौत फैदा ह्वे।
राजनीति मा दूसरौ मुन्नी तैं बदनाम करण जरुरी च पण इथगा बि बदनाम नि करण चयांद कि दूसरौ मुन्नी बदनाम हूणो जगा लोकप्रिय ही ह्वे जावो। नरेंद्र मोदी अर आम आदमी पार्टी की लोकप्रियता मा विरोधियों द्वारा आलोचना कु हाथ जादा च।
तो ध्यान दीण चयेंद कि दुसरै मुन्नी तैं बदनाम करणो चक्कर मा कखि लोग तुमर मुन्नी तैं ही नि भूल जावन हाँ !

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 25 /1/2014

[गढ़वाली हास्य -व्यंग्य, सौज सौज मा मजाक से, हौंस,चबोड़,चखन्यौ, सौज सौज मा गंभीर चर्चा ,छ्वीं;- जसपुर निवासी द्वारा जाती असहिष्णुता सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; ढांगू वाले द्वारा पृथक वादी मानसिकता सम्बन्धी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;गंगासलाण वाले द्वारा भ्रष्टाचार, अनाचार, अत्याचार पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; लैंसडाउन तहसील वाले द्वारा धर्म सम्बन्धी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;पौड़ी गढ़वाल वाले द्वारा वर्ग संघर्ष सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; उत्तराखंडी द्वारा पर्यावरण संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;मध्य हिमालयी लेखक द्वारा विकास संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;उत्तरभारतीय लेखक द्वारा पलायन सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; मुंबई प्रवासी लेखक द्वारा सांस्कृतिक विषयों पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; महाराष्ट्रीय प्रवासी लेखक द्वारा सरकारी प्रशासन संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; भारतीय लेखक द्वारा राजनीति विषयक गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; सांस्कृतिक मुल्य ह्रास पर व्यंग्य , गरीबी समस्या पर व्यंग्य, आम आदमी की परेशानी विषय के व्यंग्य, जातीय भेदभाव विषयक गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; एशियाई लेखक द्वारा सामाजिक बिडम्बनाओं, पर्यावरण विषयों पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य, राजनीति में परिवार वाद -वंशवाद पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; ग्रामीण सिंचाई विषयक गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य, विज्ञान की अवहेलना संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य ; ढोंगी धर्म निरपरेक्ष राजनेताओं पर आक्षेप , व्यंग्य , अन्धविश्वास पर चोट करते गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य श्रृंखला जारी ]

Bhishma Kukreti · January 25, 2014, 12:18:44 PM

History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal Part-1

History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -8

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -253

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

In twelfth or end of eleventh century, Challa ruling class from Nepal destroyed Katyuri of Baijnah Kingdom. For administrating from Nepal, Challa divided Garhwal-Kumaon into regions or (Mandals) and offered ruling power to Mandlik or regional chieftains. In later stage, these regional chieftains became rulers of tens of Kingdoms. However, that division did not minimize the cultural unity of today's Garhwal and Kumaon. There is exclusivity in the region between Tones-Yamuna to Kali Ganga that separates Uttarakhand region from Nepal, Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir and Afghanistan of Himalaya. The geographical aspects of Uttarakhand is exclusive than North East Himalayan region of India. In north of Uttarakhand is Tibet (China) and even Uttarakhand had exclusivity against Himalayan Tibet in many respects.
Before, Katyuri took ruling in Uttarkhand, Nand, Maurya, Maukhari, Gupta, Harsha and Paurav kings had ruling in Uttarakhand but its cultural and geographical exclusivity remained intact. Katyuri ruled on Uttarakhand for two hundred years from Joshimath and two hundred years from Baijnath. They enhanced the cultural unity and that unity still exists in Uttarkhand.
Various social and the cultural beliefs, structures started from Katyuri rules in Uttarakhand.
Badrinath, Kedarnath, Tapovan, Simli, Adi Badri , Dev Prayag, Jageshwar, Bageshwar pilgrim places got specific places in religious tourism map of India in Katyuri period. Shankaracharya reestablished the religious power of Badrinath and Kedarnath. Medhakar types of saints came to Dev Prayag in this period.
Uttarakhand attracted saints, religious priests, religious leaders, temple architectures from all parts of India. Uttarkhand became the land of Gods and Goddesses (Dev Bhumi).

Origin of Garhwali and Kumaoni Languages

Katyuri period is also credited for developing two exclusive languages in the region. Khas language is the mother of Garhwali and Kumaoni languages. Garhwali and Kumaoni languages were derived by culturing distorted Khas language. There are similarities in both the languages in terms of form, postures but slowly both languages developed exclusivity too. The exclusivity in between Garhwali and Kumaoni languages also inspired for having two exclusive Garhwali and s Kumaoni societies in the region. However, cultural and religious words could intact the cultural unity very intact.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 24/1/2014
References

1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal Ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas
15-Furar, Monumental Antiquities
16-Haudiwala, Studies in Indo-Muslim History

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -254
Xx
History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal; History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Pauri Garhwal district); History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Tehri Garhwal District); History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Uttarkashi Garhwal District); History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Chamoli Garhwal District); History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Rudraprayag Garhwal District); History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Haridwar Garhwal District); History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Dehradun Garhwal District);

Bhishma Kukreti · January 25, 2014, 04:11:28 PM

जड़ी बूटियां उत्तराखंड पर्यटन को प्राचीन संबल देती आ रही हैं !
Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Uttarakhand

(Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Management for Garhwal, Kumaon and Hardwar series--40)

उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन -भाग 40
लेखक : भीष्म कुकरेती (विपणन व विक्री प्रबंधन विशेषज्ञ )

सन २०१४ के गणतंत्र दिवस के दिन दिल्ली में झांकी में उत्तराखंड में जड़ी बूटियां संबंधी चल झांकी भी दिखाई जायेगी। उत्तराखंड पर्यटन ब्रैंडिंग हेतु झांकी महत्वपूर्ण है।
जड़ी बूटियों द्वारा उत्तराखंड की छवि महाभारत काल से पहले से ही बनती आयी है।
महाभारत , पुराणो व अन्य प्राचीन साहित्य में उत्तराखंड इलाके में ऋषियों , राजाओं का पर्यटन व कई वनस्पतियों का जिक्र मिलता है जो बताता है कि उत्तराखंड की जड़ी बूटियों ने उत्तराखंड की छवि वर्धन में कारगार योगदान दिया था। प्लेस ब्रैंडिंग में मेड इन (निर्माण स्थान ), मेड बाइ ( किसने निर्माण किया ) का बड़ा महत्वपूर्ण स्थान होता है। महाभारत में तो उत्तराखंड की बहुत सी वनसप्तियों का वर्णन इस प्रकार हुआ है जो इंगित करता है कि अन्वेषक उत्तराखण्ड आते रहे हैं।
कालिदास के साहित्य में भी वनस्पतियों द्वारा उत्तराखंड छवि वर्धन हुआ है।
ऐसा माना जाता है कि चरक व सुश्रुवा व शिष्यों ने उत्तराखंड में विचरण किया था और उत्तराखंड की जड़ी बूटियों का अध्ययन भी किया था जो इस बात का द्योत्तक है कि जड़ी बूटियों ने उत्तराखंड को विशेष छवि प्रदान की थी।
अशोक व गुप्त काल में उत्तराखंड की वनस्पति व खनिज का निर्यात रोम तक होता था। जो बतलाता है कि जड़ी बूटियों का उत्तराखंड पर्यटन में एक विशेष स्थान था और है। निर्यात पर्यटन सहायक माध्यम होता है।

जड़ी बूटियों व वनस्पतियों से उत्तराखंड छवि वर्धन याने प्लेस ब्रैंडिंग

जड़ी बूटियां या किसी भी अन्य वस्तु से स्थान छवि वर्धन से पर्यटन -निर्यात को लाभ होता ही है।
पहचान - जड़ी बूटियां (वनस्पतियां ) उत्तराखंड को विशेष पहचान दिलाने में सहायक होते हैं। मेड इन या अवेलेबल (निर्मित या सुलभता ) विशेष पहचान हेतु आवश्यक माध्यम है। हमेशा से ही वस्तु स्थल पहचान देने का एक औजार सिद्ध हुआ है।
स्थान की पहचान - स्थान की पहचान अर्थ है कि ग्राहक विशेष स्थान को किस तरह देखता है या समझता है।
वस्तु का पहचान से क्या संबंध है - याने जड़ी बूटी या वनस्पतियों से उत्तराखंड की पहचान से क्या संबंध है। क्या यह जुड़ाव वास्तव में सशक्त छवि प्रदान कर सकता है ? जड़ी बूटी स्वास्थ्य से संबंधित हैं. इसीलिए जड़ी बूटी उत्तराखंड छवि हेतु एक सकारात्मक माध्यम है और यह माध्यम धार्मिक माध्यम के साथ अवश्य ही खाता है।
वस्तु का जीवन व इतिहास से संबंध - वास्तु का मानव जीवन के साथ संबंध भी छवि संवर्धन को प्रभावित करता है। हिमालय में मानव हितैसी जड़ी -बूटियां मिलती हैं जैसी छवि प्राचीन काल से ही है अत: जड़ी बूटी को माध्यम बनाकर छवि वर्धन उत्तराखंड के लिए हितकारी है।
शिवा नंद आश्रम , गुरुकुल कांगड़ी , पंतजलि आश्रम , अमृतधारा द्वारा निर्मित वस्तुएं उत्तराखंड के पर्यटन वृद्धि में सहायक कारक व माध्यम हैं।

वनस्पति जनित औषधि विज्ञान व व्यापार को प्रश्रय

उत्तराखंड के समाज को वनस्पति जनित औषधि विज्ञान व व्यापार को सभी तरह से परिश्रय देना चाहिए। उत्तराखंड में ऐसे निर्णय लिए जायं कि सभी लोग उत्तराखंड को आयुर्वैदिक समझने लगे। यह मान चाहिए कि उत्तराखंड को आयुर्वैदिक धरती बनाने से पर्यटन व निर्यात में वृद्धि होगी ।

उत्तराखंड के समाज को औषधीय वनस्पति उत्पादन , वनस्पति उत्पादन , वनस्पति का औषधीकरण , वनस्पति एवं औषधियों का विपणन आदि की योजनाओं को साकार करना चाहिए।

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 25 /1/2014

Contact ID bckukreti@gmail.com

Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Management for Garhwal, Kumaon and Hardwar series to be continued ...

उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन श्रृंखला जारी ...

References

1 -भीष्म कुकरेती, 2006 -2007 , उत्तरांचल में पर्यटन विपणन परिकल्पना , शैलवाणी (150 अंकों में ) , कोटद्वार , गढ़वाल
xx

Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Uttarakhand;Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Haridwar Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Dehradun Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Medicinal and Herbal Plants as Source of Tourism Development in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · January 26, 2014, 05:55:10 PM

Punaruktiprakash Alankar or Epistrophe Figure of Speech in Garhwali Drama

गढ़वाली लोक नृत्य-गीतों , लोक नाटकों में पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकार

Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional Plays part -87

Bhishma Kukreti (लोक साहित्य शोधार्थी)

When a word is repeated at the identical time, it is Punarukti Prakash Alankar. As in following folk song म word is repeated at identical time and place.
गढ़वाली लोक नृत्य-गीतों , लोक नाटकों में पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकार का उदाहरण

माटो पड़े कमकम ढुंगा , पड्या दम दम
पाड़ मा मोटर चले थ-रा-रा पम पम

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 26 /1/2014

Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Community Dramas; Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional to be continued in next chapter

References
1-Bharat Natyashastra
2-Steve Tillis, 1999, Rethinking Folk Drama
3-Roger Abrahams, 1972, Folk Dramas in Folklore and Folk life
4-Tekla Domotor , Folk drama as defined in Folklore and Theatrical Research
5-Kathyrn Hansen, 1991, Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theater of North India
6-Devi Lal Samar, Lokdharmi Pradarshankari Kalayen
7-Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 1-12
8-Dr Shiva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Loknritya geet
9-Jeremy Montagu, 2007, Origins and Development of Musical Instruments
10-Gayle Kassing, 2007, History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach
11- Bhishma Kukreti, 2013, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhya Tatva va Charitra, Shailvani, Kotdwara
12- Bhishma Kukreti, 2007, Garhwali lok Swangun ma rasa ar Bhav , Chithipatri
Xx
Punaruktiprakash Alankar or Epistrophe Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays; Punaruktiprakash Alankar or Epistrophe Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Chamoli Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Punaruktiprakash Alankar or Epistrophe Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Rudraprayag Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Punaruktiprakash Alankar or Epistrophe Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Pauri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Punaruktiprakash Alankar or Epistrophe Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Tehri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Punaruktiprakash Alankar or Epistrophe Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Uttarkashi Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Punaruktiprakash Alankar or Epistrophe Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Dehradun Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Punaruktiprakash Alankar or Epistrophe Figure of Speeches in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Haridwar Garhwal, North India, South Asia;
गढवाली लोक नाटकों में पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकार, टिहरी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकार ;उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकार, हरिद्वार गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकार ;देहरादून गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकार ;पौड़ी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकार ;चमोली गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकार; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में पुनरुक्तिप्रकाश अलंकार ;