Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख

Bhishma Kukreti · October 23, 2013, 10:37:10 AM

Attack by Cruel Sultan Ibrahim the Chieftain of the so called Great Akbar on Kumaon

(History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)
(History of Chand Dynasty Rule in Kumaon)
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 169

By: Bhishma Kukreti

From Uttarakhand point of view, Akbar was simple a cruel ruler and not greater ruler. According to Tabkat –i-Akbari, Sultan Ibrahim was chieftain of Akbar for Auba near Hirat. According to Tabkat –i-Akbari, Ibrahim won Koh-iDaman the Kumaoni territory. The time period is not known. It seems the event took place after death of Hussain Khan Tukadiya, 1575.
According to Kumaoni folklore s, at the time of death of Husain Khan, Rudra Chandra the Chand king (1565-1597) started taking decision without interference of his mother and officers. Rudra Chandra reached to Tarai region of Kumaon and he compelled Muslim Savants to run away from Kumaon. Knowing the incident that Rudra Chandra compelled Muslim commanders leave from Kumaon Tarai, the Mogul ruler of Delhi sent huge army to help Katehar Mogul commander. Mogul army marched to Kumaon Tarai. Rudra Chandra knew that it is not possible for him to win over mogul army. Rudra Chandra offered an advice to Mogul Commander of Katehar that it would better to fight one to one that people are not harassed. The Katehar Mogul commander agreed upon the advice of Chand King Rudra Chandra. There was fight between soldiers on one to one basis. It was decided that the sub commander of Mogul would fight with sub commander of Rudra Chandra on one to one basis. Commander of Rudra Chandra defeated Mogul sub commander. Mogul Katehar commander returned to Knowing the win of Rudra Chandra, Badshah Akbar invited Rudra Chandra to meet him in Lahore.
However, there is no logic in this folklore. No Mogul commander would accept the offer of Rudra Chandra for one to one fight between commanders. It might be true that Sultan Ibrahim might have attacked on Rudra Chandra and Rudra Chandra would have defeated Sultan Ibrahim
Historians as Dr Dabral suggest that Rudra Chandra paid tribute to Akbar in Lahore in 1588AD.

**Read more about Muslim fanatics opposing Akbar and the political situation in Kumaon in History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 169

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 21/10/2013

References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -170
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued....
Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued...
(Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History (740-1790 AD to be continued...)
Xx
Notes on Attack by Cruel Sultan Ibrahim the Chieftain of the so called Great Akbar on Kumaon; Attack by Cruel Sultan Ibrahim the Chieftain of the so called Great Akbar on Plains of Kumaon; Attack by Cruel Sultan Ibrahim the Chieftain of the so called Great Akbar on Hill foots of Kumaon; Attack by Cruel Sultan Ibrahim the Chieftain of the so called Great Akbar on Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon; Attack by Cruel Sultan Ibrahim the Chieftain of the so called Great Akbar on North of Pilibhit, Kumaon; Attack by Cruel Sultan Ibrahim the Chieftain of the so called Great Akbar on North of Moradabad that is Kumaon; Attack by Cruel Sultan Ibrahim the Chieftain of the so called Great Akbar on North of Brelli that is Kumaon; Attack by Cruel Sultan Ibrahim the Chieftain of the so called Great Akbar on Bhabhar region of Kumaon; Attack by Cruel Sultan Ibrahim the Chieftain of the so called Great Akbar on North of Rampur that is Kumaon;

Bhishma Kukreti · October 23, 2013, 04:28:09 PM

उत्तराखंड परिपेक्ष में शलजम का इतिहास
History /Origin /introduction of Turnip (Brassica rapa) in Uttarakhand context

उत्तराखंड परिपेक्ष में सब्जियों का इतिहास - 15

History of Vegetables Agriculture and Food in Uttarakhand -15

उत्तराखंड में कृषि व खान -पान -भोजन का इतिहास --39

History of Agriculture , Culinary , Gastronomy, food, recipes in Uttarakhand 39

आलेख : भीष्म कुकरेती
शलजम के जन्मस्थली के बारे में वैज्ञानिकों में सहमती नही है। किन्तु इस बात पर सहमती अवश्य है कि शलजम का जन्मस्थान मेडिटेरीयन भूभाग से पकिस्तान तक हो सकता है और 2000 BC से पहले शलजम का जन्म हो चुका था । वैज्ञानिक साबेरिया को भी शलजम का जन्मस्थान मानते है। सिकन्दर साहित्य (300 BC )में शलजम का उल्लेख मिलता है। संस्कृत में इसे शिखामूल कहते हैं।
ऐसा लगता है की शलगम का उपयोग भारत में 1500 BC में हो चुका था। इस समय भारत में शलजम का उपयोग तिलहन के लिए होता था।
उत्तराखंड में भी शलजम सिकन्दर युग से पहले उगाया जाता होगा. शायद पंजाब क्षेत्र से शलजम का ज्ञान उत्तराखंड के मैदानी निवासियों को हुआ होगा।
पहाड़ों में शलजम नही उगाया जाता है या बहुत कम ही उगाया जाता है . हो सकता है कि बड़े मूला के विकास के बाद शलजम की अहमियत पहाड़ों में कम हो गयी होगी। या यह भी हो सकता है कि शलजम की आयु कम होने से शलजम की खेती नही की गयी होगी। मैदानी , भाभर व तराई क्षेत्र में शलजम की बड़ी मात्रा में खेती होती है।

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 23/10/2013

References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas 1- 9 Parts
Dr K.K Nautiyal et all , Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas in History of Agriculture in India page-159-170
B.K G Rao, Development of Technologies During the Iron Age in South India
V.D Mishra , 2006, Prelude Agriculture in North-Central India (Pragdhara ank 18)
Anup Mishra , Agriculture in Chalolithic Age in North-Central India
Mahabharata
All Vedas
Inquiry into the conditions of lower classes of population
Lallan Ji Gopal (Editor), 2008, History of Agriculture in India -1200AD
K.K Nautiyal History of Agriculture in Garhwal , an article in History of Agriculture in India -1200AD
Steven A .Webber and Dorien Q. Fuller, 2006, Millets and Their Role in Early Agriculture. paper Presented in 'First Farmers in Global Prospective' , Lucknow
Joshi A.B.1961, Sesamum, Indian central Oil Seeds Committee , Hyderabad
Drothea Bradigian, 2004, History and Lore of Sesame , Economic Botany vol. 58 Part-3
Chitranjan Kole , 2007 , Oilseeds
P.S.Mehta, K.S.Negi, S.N. Ojha,2010,Nativa Plant genetic resources and traditional food of Uttarakhand Himalaya ...Indian Journal Of Natural Products and Resources, Vol 1(1) March 2010 page 89-96
K.S.Negi and R.D Gaur, 1994 Principal Wild Food Plants of Western Himalaya , Indian Forester
Gopinath Mohanty et all, 2007, Tappasu Bhallika of Orissa : Their Historicity and Nativity
Y .L .Nene ,2006, Indian Pulses Through Millenia, Asian Agri-History, Vol.10,No.3 (179-200)
K.T. Achaya, 1998, A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food
Michael Matern , A.A.Reddy Commercial Cultivation and Profitability in 2007, Lentil: An ancient Crop for Modern Time (edited by Shyam S. Yadav et all)
Danial Zohary et all, 2012, Domestication of Plants in old World: The Origin and Spread ....
Deka R.R. & Sarkar C.R.1990, Nutrient Composition and Anti Nutritional factors of Dolichos lablab,Food Chemistry Vol 38
Mehra K.L, 2000, History of Crop Cultivation in Prehistoric India (In Ancient and Medieval History of Indian Agriculture..)
A. D' Andrea et All, Early Domesticated Cowpea from central Ghana
William Shurtleff , Akiko Aoyagi 2010, History of Soyabeans and Syfood in South Asia / Indian subcontinent (1665-)
Helaine Selin , 2008, Encyclopedia of History of Science, Technology and Medicines
Watt, G. 1889, Dictionary of Economic Products of India
J.Janick,G.Caneva, 2004,The First Images of Maize in Europe
Amaranth:Modern Prospects for an Ancient Crop, National Research Council (US) s
G.J.H. Grubeen , 2004, Vegetables
Advances in Buckwheat Research (held at University of Agriculture, Prague August 2004)
Permindar Ratan and Priti Kothiyal, 2001, Fagopyrun esculentum , Moench (common buckwheat) edible plants of Himalayas : A review,Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Life Science (Vol-1)
Om Prakash , 2005, Cultural History of India

B.N.Shrivastava ,Potato in The Indian Economy , International Potato Center
Pushkar Nath, 1969, Potato in India
Roots and Tuber Crops , 2010 (edited by:J.E.Bradshaw)
B.Chandrasekaran et all, 2010 ,A Text Book of Agronomy
xx xx

Notes on History of Culinary, Gastronomy in Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Pithoragarh Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Doti Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Dwarhat, Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Pithoragarh Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Champawat Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Nainital Uttarakhand;History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Almora, Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Bageshwar Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Chamoli Garhwal Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Rudraprayag, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Dehradun Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Uttarakhand Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Haridwar Uttarakhand;

( उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; पिथोरागढ़ , कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;चम्पावत कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; बागेश्वर कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; नैनीताल कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;उधम सिंह नगर कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;अल्मोड़ा कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; हरिद्वार , उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;पौड़ी गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;चमोली गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; देहरादून गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; टिहरी गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; हिमालय में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; उत्तर भारत में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; उत्तराखंड , दक्षिण एसिया में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास लेखमाला श्रृंखला )

Bhishma Kukreti · October 23, 2013, 07:08:50 PM

Detachment Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Theater, Community Rituals and Traditional Plays

गढवाली लोक नाटकों में निर्वेद भाव

Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional Plays part -21

Bhishma Kukreti

According to Bharat's Natyshashtra, detachment should be represented by means of remorse, regretful sorrow, deep breathing, deliberation, consideration etc.
Detachment comes due to regret, repent or insult or having a serious problem etc.
In Garhwali villages, Dalya community used to sing the stories of Gopichand and Bhartrihari where detachment sentimental events are there.
This author watched a couple of Swang (folk drama) played by women regarding relationship between mother –in-law and daughter-in-law. Those dramas demonstrated detachment of daughter in law when she was insulted by her mother in law or vice versa.
When Badis used to sing describing feminine there used to be emotion of detachment on those songs.
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com 23/10/2013
Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals and Traditional Plays part to be continued...

References
1-Bharat Natyam
2-Steve Tillis, 1999, Rethinking Folk Drama
3-Roger Abrahams, 1972, Folk Dramas in Folklore and Folklife
4-Tekla Domotor , Folk drama as defined in Folklore and Theatrical Research
5-Kathyrn Hansen, 1991, Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theater of North India
6-Devi Lal Samar, Lokdharmi Pradarshankari Kalayen
7-Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 1-12
8-Dr Shiva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Loknritya geet
9-Jeremy Montagu, 2007, Origins and Development of Musical Instruments
10-Gayle Kassing, 2007, History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach
11- Bhishma Kukreti, 2013, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhya Tatva va Charitra, Shailvani, Kotdwara
12- Bhishma Kukreti, 2007, Garhwali lok swangun ma rasa ar Bhav , Chithipatri

Bhishma Kukreti · October 24, 2013, 06:18:47 AM

कब पता लगद कि तुम सुंगर जन म्वाट ह्वे गेवां ?

चबोड़्या -चखन्यौर्या -भीष्म कुकरेती

(s =आधी अ = क , का , की , आदि )

जु बि म्वाट हूंदन उं तैं पैल पैल पता इ नि लगद बल वु म्वाट हूणा छन। कुछ टिप्स छन जो बतांदन बल तुम सुंगर जन म्वाट ह्वे गेवां।
जब परिवार मा लोग जन कि तुमर मां या घरवाळि वाशिंग मशीन तैं तुमर पैंट छ्वटि हूणै गाळि दीण मिसे जावन त समजी ल्यावो तुम गौल जन म्वाट ह्वे गेवां।
जब बि तुम कै कोल्ड ड्रिंक हाउस मा जावो अर दूकानदार पूछों ,"साब डाइट कोला दूं ?" तो मतबल च तुम गैबण भैंसौ तरां म्वाट ह्वे गेवां।
जब बि तुम सिनेमा टिकेट खरीदो अर हर समय तुम तै सबसे अग्वाड़ी सीट ही मील।
जब ट्रेन यात्रा मा अस्सी सालौ बुड्या तुम तैं अपण लोवर बर्थ ऑफ़र करणा रावन।
जब तुम तैं एक्सरसाइज वीडिओ दिखदि नींद ऐ जावो।
जब तुम तै लोग 'हाउ टु रिड्यूस वेट इन अ वीक ' 'एक हफ्ते में वजन कम करें ' जन किताब भेंट मा दीण बिसे जावन तो इकमा सुचणै बात नि च कि तुमर वजन बढ़ी गे।
जब तुम तै बड़ो लम्बो ऐना से डौर लगण मिसे जावो।
जब तुमर अलमारी मा वजन कम करणों किताबुं कटघळ लग जावो।
जब मेडिकल स्टोर वाळ तुम तैं बगैर पुछ्याँ अफिक डाइट पिल दीण बिसे जावो।
जब तुम तै डाइट पिल पर ही भरवस उठि जावो।
जब तुम इनशर्ट कि जगा शर्ट आउट मा भैर जाण पसंद करदवां।
चमड़ा बेल्ट की जगा तुम तैं इलास्टिक की बेल्ट पसंद आंदी।
जब तुम तै 'लो कैलोरी ' लो फैट ' या 'लो 'शब्दों से चिढ़ ह्वे जावो।
जब तुम तैं एक्सरसाइज साइकल देखिक ही उचिमुचि हूण बिसे जावो।
जब तुम वेइंग मसीन मा वेट करद दै आँख बंद कौरि दींदा।
जब तुम चार दिन केवल पाणि पींदा अर तब बि वजन बढ़ी जांद
जब तुम तै रोजा रमजान या व्रत सब बकबास लगदन।
जब तुम तै हरेक मैना मा नया नया जुराब खरीदण पड़दन।
जब तुम तै हर मैना नै नै पैंट -शर्ट सिलाण पोड़द।

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 24/10/2013

[गढ़वाली हास्य -व्यंग्य, सौज सौज मा मजाक मसखरी दृष्टि से, हौंस,चबोड़,चखन्यौ, सौज सौज मा गंभीर चर्चा ,छ्वीं;- जसपुर निवासी के जाती असहिष्णुता सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; ढांगू वाले के पृथक वादी मानसिकता सम्बन्धी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;गंगासलाण वाले के भ्रष्टाचार, अनाचार, अत्याचार पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; लैंसडाउन तहसील वाले के धर्म सम्बन्धी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;पौड़ी गढ़वाल वाले के वर्ग संघर्ष सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; उत्तराखंडी के पर्यावरण संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;मध्य हिमालयी लेखक के विकास संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;उत्तरभारतीय लेखक के पलायन सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; मुंबई प्रवासी लेखक के सांस्कृतिक विषयों पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; महाराष्ट्रीय प्रवासी लेखक का सरकारी प्रशासन संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; भारतीय लेखक के राजनीति विषयक गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; सांस्कृतिक मुल्य ह्रास पर व्यंग्य , गरीबी समस्या पर व्यंग्य, आम आदमी की परेशानी विषय के व्यंग्य, जातीय भेदभाव विषयक गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; एशियाई लेखक द्वारा सामाजिक बिडम्बनाओं, पर्यावरण विषयों पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य श्रृंखला जारी ...]

Bhishma Kukreti · October 24, 2013, 10:57:31 AM

Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of a Kumaoni King Rudra Chandra

(History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)
(History of Chand Dynasty Rule in Kumaon)
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 170

By: Bhishma Kukreti

The historians have two three medium of knowing the history of Rudra Chandra a Chand King of certain Kumaon regions. Ain-e-Akbari-; Tarikhe Badauni, Akbari Darbar, Akbarnama and folklores from Kumaon region are the medium of knowing about history aspects of Rudra Chandra a contemporary of Akbar .
It is said that the commander of Rudra Chandra defeated the commander of Katehar chieftain of Akbar in Tarai region. Akbar invited Chand king Rudra Chandra to talk in 1581. However, due to soft corner of Akbar for Hindus raged the Muslim fanatics not only in India but in his forefather territory too.
The opposition from Muslim fanatics changed the affected political situation all across India including Middle Himalayan region –Garhwal and Kumaon.
The chieftains of Bengal and Bihar were displeased from social reform by Akbar. The fanatical Islamic religious leaders decided to crown Muhammad Hakim (brother of Akbar and was regional head of Kabul) for India. The Islamic religious leader/Kaji of Jaunpur declared (fatava) that it was a duty of each Muslim to oppose Akbar. There was revolt against Akbar in Bihar, Bengal, Awadh, and places as Allahabad. Muhammad Hakim started his journey to come Agra (the capital of Mogul). Akbar started his journey to Punjab for suppressing the revolt of his brother Muhammad Hakim. The chieftain of Katehar revolted against Akbar when Akbar was in Punjab. The Mogul commanders Arab Bahadur, Niyamat Khan and Shahddan of Sambha revolted against Akbar and surrounded Bareli fort. The armies of these commanders started looting Kumaoni people in Bhabhar, Tarai and hill regions. Akbarnama by Shrivastava describes that chieftains of Kumaon regions also started looting the Mogul territory. Raja Ram Shah, Mukutsen and Karan of Kumaon regions also inspired people under Mogul territory to revolt against Akbar.
The Mogul chieftain of Bareli Ain-e-Mulk discarded among rebellions and got Niyamat Khan and Kumaoni chieftains on his side. Ain-e-Mulk defeated the rebellions Arab Bahadur and Shahddat. They flew into hills of Kumaon. Arab Bahadur started looting people of Kumaon hills and Bhabhar region. Abdul Fatah killed Arab Bahadur in Sherkot Pargana of Kumaon.
Akbarnama describes Raja Ram Shah, Mukutsen and Karan as hill kings. However, such names are not found there in Kumaoni history of that time. It seems that Raja Ram Shah, Mukutsen and Karan were Thokdar or regional heads of Chand king.

**Read more on Seera conquer by Rudra Chandra in History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 171

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 24/10/2013

References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -171
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued....
Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued...
(Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History (740-1790 AD to be continued...)
Xx
Notes on Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of a Kumaon region; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of a Champawat; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of Almora a Kumaon region; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon region; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of Ranikhet Kumaon; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of Nainital Kumaon; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of Danpur Kumaon; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of Sore, Kumaon; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of Gangolihat Kumaon; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of Khagmara Kumaon; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of Faldakot Kumaon; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of Pali Kumaon; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of baramandal Kumaon; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of Kumaon north to Pilibhit; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of Kumaon north to Bareli ; Opposition of Akbar from Muslim fanatics at the Time of Rudra Chandra the king of Kumaon Moradabad;

Bhishma Kukreti · October 24, 2013, 04:13:33 PM

उत्तराखंड परिपेक्ष में गाजर , शिमला मिर्च का इतिहास
History /Origin /introduction of Carrot and Bell Pepper in Uttarakhand context

उत्तराखंड परिपेक्ष में सब्जियों का इतिहास - 16

History of Vegetables Agriculture and Food in Uttarakhand -16

उत्तराखंड में कृषि व खान -पान -भोजन का इतिहास --40

History of Agriculture , Culinary , Gastronomy, food, recipes in Uttarakhand 40

आलेख : भीष्म कुकरेती

गाजर के बीजों का उपयोग 2000 BC से होता आ है। लाल गाजर सबसे पहले अफगानिस्तान , कश्मीर में 1100 इ में सबसे पहले प्रकाश में आया।
जहां तक शिमला मिर्च का प्रश्न है शिमला मिर्च स्थान मैक्षिको है।
स्पेनी व्यापारी 1493 इ में शिमला मिर्च को मक्सिको से स्पेन लाये और फिर बाद यूरोप में शिमला मिर्च की खेती शुरू हुयी
ब्रिटिश ने सबसे पहले शिमला मिर्च को उनीसवीं सदी में शिमला में उगाया। इसी लिए इस सब्जी को शिमला मिर्च कहते हैं। ऐसा लगता है शिमला मिर्च का हिमाचल में प्रवेश तुरंत बाद देहरादून की पहाड़ियों में खेती शुरू हुयी होगी।
उत्तराखंड के भाभर , तराई और मैदानी क्षेत्रों में गाजर -शिमला मिर्च उगाये जाते हैं। पहाड़ी हिस्सों में गाजर -शिमला मिर्च उगाने का अभी भी कम प्रचलन है।

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 24/10/2013

References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas 1- 9 Parts
Dr K.K Nautiyal et all , Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas in History of Agriculture in India page-159-170
B.K G Rao, Development of Technologies During the Iron Age in South India
V.D Mishra , 2006, Prelude Agriculture in North-Central India (Pragdhara ank 18)
Anup Mishra , Agriculture in Chalolithic Age in North-Central India
Mahabharata
All Vedas
Inquiry into the conditions of lower classes of population
Lallan Ji Gopal (Editor), 2008, History of Agriculture in India -1200AD
K.K Nautiyal History of Agriculture in Garhwal , an article in History of Agriculture in India -1200AD
Steven A .Webber and Dorien Q. Fuller, 2006, Millets and Their Role in Early Agriculture. paper Presented in 'First Farmers in Global Prospective' , Lucknow
Joshi A.B.1961, Sesamum, Indian central Oil Seeds Committee , Hyderabad
Drothea Bradigian, 2004, History and Lore of Sesame , Economic Botany vol. 58 Part-3
Chitranjan Kole , 2007 , Oilseeds
P.S.Mehta, K.S.Negi, S.N. Ojha,2010,Nativa Plant genetic resources and traditional food of Uttarakhand Himalaya ...Indian Journal Of Natural Products and Resources, Vol 1(1) March 2010 page 89-96
K.S.Negi and R.D Gaur, 1994 Principal Wild Food Plants of Western Himalaya , Indian Forester
Gopinath Mohanty et all, 2007, Tappasu Bhallika of Orissa : Their Historicity and Nativity
Y .L .Nene ,2006, Indian Pulses Through Millenia, Asian Agri-History, Vol.10,No.3 (179-200)
K.T. Achaya, 1998, A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food
Michael Matern , A.A.Reddy Commercial Cultivation and Profitability in 2007, Lentil: An ancient Crop for Modern Time (edited by Shyam S. Yadav et all)
Danial Zohary et all, 2012, Domestication of Plants in old World: The Origin and Spread ....
Deka R.R. & Sarkar C.R.1990, Nutrient Composition and Anti Nutritional factors of Dolichos lablab,Food Chemistry Vol 38
Mehra K.L, 2000, History of Crop Cultivation in Prehistoric India (In Ancient and Medieval History of Indian Agriculture..)
A. D' Andrea et All, Early Domesticated Cowpea from central Ghana
William Shurtleff , Akiko Aoyagi 2010, History of Soyabeans and Syfood in South Asia / Indian subcontinent (1665-)
Helaine Selin , 2008, Encyclopedia of History of Science, Technology and Medicines
Watt, G. 1889, Dictionary of Economic Products of India
J.Janick,G.Caneva, 2004,The First Images of Maize in Europe
Amaranth:Modern Prospects for an Ancient Crop, National Research Council (US) s
G.J.H. Grubeen , 2004, Vegetables
Advances in Buckwheat Research (held at University of Agriculture, Prague August 2004)
Permindar Ratan and Priti Kothiyal, 2001, Fagopyrun esculentum , Moench (common buckwheat) edible plants of Himalayas : A review,Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Life Science (Vol-1)
Om Prakash , 2005, Cultural History of India

B.N.Shrivastava ,Potato in The Indian Economy , International Potato Center
Pushkar Nath, 1969, Potato in India
Roots and Tuber Crops , 2010 (edited by:J.E.Bradshaw)
B.Chandrasekaran et all, 2010 ,A Text Book of Agronomy
xx xx

Notes on History of Culinary, Gastronomy in Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Pithoragarh Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Doti Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Dwarhat, Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Pithoragarh Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Champawat Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Nainital Uttarakhand;History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Almora, Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Bageshwar Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Chamoli Garhwal Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Rudraprayag, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Dehradun Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Uttarakhand Uttarakhand; History of Culinary,Gastronomy in Haridwar Uttarakhand;

( उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; पिथोरागढ़ , कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;चम्पावत कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; बागेश्वर कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; नैनीताल कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;उधम सिंह नगर कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;अल्मोड़ा कुमाऊं उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; हरिद्वार , उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;पौड़ी गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ;चमोली गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; देहरादून गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; टिहरी गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; हिमालय में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; उत्तर भारत में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास ; उत्तराखंड , दक्षिण एसिया में कृषि व भोजन का इतिहास लेखमाला श्रृंखला )

Bhishma Kukreti · October 24, 2013, 07:25:13 PM

Internal Weakness Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays
गढवाली लोक नाटकों में ग्लानि भाव

Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional Plays part -22

Bhishma Kukreti

According to Bharat's Natyashastra, internal weakness sentiment is performed by a weal voice, eyesight and cheeks, depressed stomach, slow walk ,trembling, disappointment, slackness of limb, change of color, change of voice and like that.

गढवाली लोक नाटकों में ग्लानि भाव
There are many instances, when common people play drama at their ease in forest, while attending any events or while taking rest for long journey on the basis of prose folk stories.
Around 1964, this author and his village fellows played a drama based on a folk story 'नि सौक सकुद , नि सौक सकुद !' (ni sauk sakud or I can't complete) in Ganikya forest while taking cattle for grazing.
There is abrid in our region that quakes in morning and evening as 'ni sauk sakud , ni sauk sakud". The story is that a man was carrying load of a ton of Udad from his farm on his head. The man was not so strong. Due to over load and fatigue the man died saying that 'ni Sauk Sakud'. In his next birth, the man became that bird that speaks ,ni sauk sakud , ni sauk sakud ( I can't complete).
Eleven years old Sohan Lal Kukreti played the role of tired man. I remember that Sohan Lal Kukreti showed weakness by trembling legs, slow walk while having heavy load of Udad. Sohan lal was also breathing as if he can't carry heavy load. Sohan Lal Kukreti cried on very low voice 'ni sauk Sakud, ni sauk sakud'.
When Sohan Lal as man died Shatrughna Jakhmola copied the tone of that bird that quakes,"ni Sauk Sakud, Ni sauk Sakud" नि सौक सकुद , नि सौक सकुद !' marvelously.
I remember another folk drama played by girls in forest of Chaudi (Village Jaspur), Malla Dhangu, Pauri Garhwal. The mother in law of a pregnant woman sent her to jungle to bring wood. The six seven months pregnant woman carried wood on her head and she was so tired that she fell down. The woman acting of a girl for pregnant woman was memorable.
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com 24/10/2013
Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals and Traditional Plays part to be continued...

References
1-Bharat Natyam
2-Steve Tillis, 1999, Rethinking Folk Drama
3-Roger Abrahams, 1972, Folk Dramas in Folklore and Folklife
4-Tekla Domotor , Folk drama as defined in Folklore and Theatrical Research
5-Kathyrn Hansen, 1991, Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theater of North India
6-Devi Lal Samar, Lokdharmi Pradarshankari Kalayen
7-Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 1-12
8-Dr Shiva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Loknritya geet
9-Jeremy Montagu, 2007, Origins and Development of Musical Instruments
10-Gayle Kassing, 2007, History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach
11- Bhishma Kukreti, 2013, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhya Tatva va Charitra, Shailvani, Kotdwara
12- Bhishma Kukreti, 2007, Garhwali lok swangun ma rasa ar Bhav , Chithipatri
Xx
Notes on Internal Weakness Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays; Internal Weakness Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Haridwar Garhwal, South Asia; ; Internal Weakness Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Dehradun, Garhwal, South Asia; ; Internal Weakness Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Pauri Garhwal, South Asia; ; Internal Weakness Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Chamoli Garhwal , South Asia; Internal Weakness Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Rudraprayag Garhwal, South Asia ; Internal Weakness Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Tehri Garhwal, South Asia ; Internal Weakness Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Uttarkashi Garhwal, South Asia; Internal Weakness Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Garhwal Central Himalaya , South Asia ; Internal Weakness Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Garhwal, North India , South Asia; Internal Weakness Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Garhwal, South Asia ;
गढवाली लोक नाटकों में ग्लानि भाव; टिहरी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में ग्लानि भाव;उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में ग्लानि भाव;हरिद्वार गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में ग्लानि भाव;देहरादून गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में ग्लानि भाव;पौड़ी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में ग्लानि भाव;चमोली गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में ग्लानि भाव; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में ग्लानि भाव;

Bhishma Kukreti · October 25, 2013, 08:34:16 AM

परम पूजनीय काला बजारिया जी से प्रार्थना

चबोड़्या -चखन्यौर्या -भीष्म कुकरेती

(s =आधी अ = क , का , की , आदि )
परम पूजनीय कला बजारिया जी !
सादर प्रणाम। आशा ही ना परम विश्वास च तुमर धंधा दिन दुगण -रात चौगुण बढ़णु होलु।
हे चुनावुं टैम पर का हमारा ब्वे बाब ! उन त तुम तैं काला बजारी रुकणो मै बेशरम नेता तै क्वी अधिकार नी च किलै कि तुमर चंदा, सहायता बगैर मि चुनाव जीति इ नि सकुद पण हे परमेश्वर जी ! जरा ध्यान तो द्यावो कि चुनाव समणि च अर या बेवकूफ जनता विरोधी दल अर मीडिया का भकलौण मा ऐक रोज पुछणि च बल "सरकार ! तुम प्याज के दाम कब कम करोगे? प्याज के दाम कब कम करोगे?"
प्रात: स्मरणीय , समांतर भारतीय अर्थ व्यवस्थाs क्षेत्रपति जी ! आपको बकुळ - गाढ़ा मुनाफ़ा गवाह च बल पिछ्ला पांच सालों मा तुमन जब बि कै बि अनाज की कमी ह्वे त तुमन जमाखोरी अर काळाबजारी से हर समय करोड़ो रुप्या कमाई अर मीन मंत्री हूंद बि जनता तै त्राहि त्राहि माम करद द्याख पण हे परम पिता ! मि जाणि बूजिक कर्तव्य विमुख ह्वेक तुमर गोडानुं की रक्षा मा तत्पर रौं। बजार मा जब बि खाद्य पदार्थों की कमे ह्वे अर खाद्य पदार्थों भाव सातवाँ असमान पर पौंचिन त मीन जमाखोरी या कालाबाजारी पर एक शब्द नि ब्वाल बलकणम मीन मंत्री ह्वेक झूट ब्वाल कि फलण अनाज को उत्पादन मा कमी अर ब्राजील -चिली देस की राजनैतिक स्थिति का कारण फलण अनाज की कीमत बढ़णि च। यद्यपि ब्राजील -चिली से वै खाद्य पदार्थ को क्वी लीण -दीण नि थौ फिर बि तुम तै बचाणो बान मीन असत्य की परिकाष्ठा भी पार कार ! अब चूंकि मि चुनावी युद्ध मा प्याज की अथा कीमत वृद्धि का तीरों से घायल हूणु छौं त मि तुम तैं भरवस दिलांदु कि चुनाव जितणो परांत हम भौत सा इन योजना लौला जां से तुम तै जमाखोरी से मुनाफा कमाणों सैकड़ों अवसर मीलल। . तुम से हथजुड़ै च बल बस तुम थ्वड़ा दिनुं कुण प्याजौ कीमत कम कौरि द्यावो !
हे होर्डरूं नेता जी ! आप तैं पता च कि हम तुम पर कुछ भी कड़ी कार्यवाही नि कौर सकदां त यांक मतबल यु त नी च कि तुम ऐन चुनाव बगत पर ही प्याज की इथगा कीमत बढ़ावो ! हम देस नाशकों का बि कुछ सिद्धांत हूंद छन कि ना ?
हे हमर अन्नदाता कालाबजारी जी ! यी ठीक च पिछ्ला चुनाव मा जब विरोधी दलुं सरकार छे अर तुमन इनि बेअन्था प्याजौ कीमत बढै छौ त हमर दल की सरकार आयि पण यो खटकरम एबरी त नि कारो ! क्या हमन तुम तै हर समय सीमाहीन मुनाफ़ा नि कमाण दे ? कि तुम ऐन चुनाव टैम पर बि प्याजौ दाम कम नि करणा छंवां। क्या विरोधी दल तुम तै जादा मुनाफ़ा कमाण देलु ?
हे देस की अर्थ व्यवस्था की असली नकेल धारी ! हम सत्ता धारी नेताओं पर कुछ रहम कारो ! हम सत्ता धारी , सत्ता लोलुप नेताओं पर दया कारो ! अर प्याज का दाम घटावो प्लीज !
हे समानांतर अर्थ व्यवस्था का व्यवस्थापक ! ठीक च हम नेता तुम सरीखा मानव हंता कालाबजारियों का ही टुकडों पर पऴदां अर मि जाणदो छौं कि तुम व्यापारी जै दल तै चैल्या वो सरकार इ बणालु। तो मि यीं आशा मा तुमर खुटम मुंड धौरिक प्रार्थना करणु छौं कि अब की दैं बि हम तै सरकार बणाण द्यावा अर तुमसे गुजारिस करदु कि प्याजौ दाम कम कारो ! तुम हम तैं बचावो हम तुम तैं बचौला सिद्धांत की कसम! चुनाव जितण द्यावो फिर हम तुम तैं खाद्य पदार्थ ही ना न्यूक्लियर प्लांट कम्पोनेंट का वितरक भि बणै द्योला ! बस अर्ज च कि तुम प्याज का दाम कम करि द्यावो !
हे काला बजारिया जी ! तुम मि तैं बीच बजार मा जुते द्यावो पण प्याज की कीमत कम करी द्यावो !
मेरि बेशर्मी से तुम तैं फैदा दियां की कसम ! जरा प्याज का दाम कम करि द्यावो।
हे जमाखोर जी ! मी आपसे रहम की भीख मांगणु छौं कि हम पर दया दृष्टि डाळो अर प्याज का दाम कम कारो !
हे ब्लैकमार्किट किंग ! हे करुणा सागर ! हम पर करुणा की बरखा कारो अर प्याज का दाम कम कारो !
आपक परमानेंट सर्वेंट ! प्याज का दाम हूणों आशा मा !
आपका गुलाम -एक नेता

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 25/10/2013

[गढ़वाली हास्य -व्यंग्य, सौज सौज मा मजाक मसखरी दृष्टि से, हौंस,चबोड़,चखन्यौ, सौज सौज मा गंभीर चर्चा ,छ्वीं;- जसपुर निवासी के जाती असहिष्णुता सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; ढांगू वाले के पृथक वादी मानसिकता सम्बन्धी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;गंगासलाण वाले के भ्रष्टाचार, अनाचार, अत्याचार पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; लैंसडाउन तहसील वाले के धर्म सम्बन्धी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;पौड़ी गढ़वाल वाले के वर्ग संघर्ष सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; उत्तराखंडी के पर्यावरण संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;मध्य हिमालयी लेखक के विकास संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य;उत्तरभारतीय लेखक के पलायन सम्बंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; मुंबई प्रवासी लेखक के सांस्कृतिक विषयों पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; महाराष्ट्रीय प्रवासी लेखक का सरकारी प्रशासन संबंधी गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; भारतीय लेखक के राजनीति विषयक गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; सांस्कृतिक मुल्य ह्रास पर व्यंग्य , गरीबी समस्या पर व्यंग्य, आम आदमी की परेशानी विषय के व्यंग्य, जातीय भेदभाव विषयक गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य; एशियाई लेखक द्वारा सामाजिक बिडम्बनाओं, पर्यावरण विषयों पर गढ़वाली हास्य व्यंग्य श्रृंखला जारी ...]

Bhishma Kukreti · October 25, 2013, 11:59:11 AM

Winning Seera Territory by Rudra Chandra a Chand King contemporary to Akbar

(History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)

(History of Chand Dynasty Rule in Kumaon)
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 171

By: Bhishma Kukreti

In 1581 AD, there was instability in north India due to opposition of Akbar from fanatic Muslim chieftains and hard core Muslim religious leaders.
Gangoli and Sore were already under Chand regime in Kumaon. Balo Kalyan Chandra father of Rudra Chandra tried to win Seera territory of Katyuri Rajwar family but did not get success. On the contrary Balo Kalyan Chandra was killed in the war.
Rudra Chandra attacked on Seera territory ruled by Katyuri –Rajwar family ruler. However, Raika king Hari Mall defeated Rudra Chandra very badly. Rudra Chandra was forced to flee from Seera and took shelter in Gangoli. Rudra Chandra returned to Almora.
Rudra Chandra came to conclusion that without knowing the power and strategic points of Raika King of Seera, he could not win over Seera. There was Purushottam Pant a wealthy and knowledgeable person in Gangoli. It was believed that Pant got wealth from Manikoti kings (the earlier rulers of Gangoli). Rudra Chandra came to know that only Purushottam Pant could offer him the inside story and strategic points of Raika king of Seera.
Rudra Chandra called Purushottam Pant to his court. Initially, Purushottam Pant pretended to come to court. Rudra Chandra threatened Pant that if he did not come to court Pant would be fined for one lakh rupees. Purushottam Pant had to come to court. The Chand king of Almora Rudra Chandra handed over Pant to chalk out strategy for winning over Seera Garh, Kumaon and Badhan Garh Garhwal.
Purushottam Pant and Rudra Chandra attacked Seera Garh for three times. Every time, the ruler of Seera Raika Hari Mall defeated Rudra Chandra every time. Every time, Rudra Chandra lost his soldier's lives.
There was maternal uncle from Bichral caste of Purushottam Pant in Seera. With the aid of a Brahmin woman from Seera, Purushottam Pant came to know that there was an underground canal to supply water to army of Seera. Purushottam Pant also came to know the road through which Seera army used to get food supply.
Initially, Rudra Chandra attacked on peripheral border of Seera and Raika King of Seera had to send his armed force in parts from Seera to various border regions. By deploying armed forces of Seera Garh in parts to various destinations, the power of Seera army was reduced. Purushottam Pant stopped the supply of water of underground canal and also cut the food supply to Seera Garh. Rudra Chandra defeated Seera king Hari Mall. Hari Mall ran away to Doti. Now, there was rule of Rudra Chandra over Seera.
Rudra Chandra exiled the exiled high post people and rich men dedicated to Katyuri family and appointed Rautela in place of Katyuri dedicated administrators.
As soon as Rudra Chandra won over Seera Garh, the western terrorizes t of Kali River as Askot, Johar, Darma also came under Chand regime. Here, too, Rudra Chandra appointed Rautela in administration and did send the Katyuri dedicated administrators into exile.
It is said that after winning Seera, Askot, johar, Darma , the mother of Rudra Chandra became Sati.

Awarding Purushottam Pant by Rudra Chandra

Due to strategic actions of Purushottam Pant, now, Chand regime had rule over all over Kumaon or Manas Bhumi barring Manil and Katur. Rudra Chandra awarded land to Purushottam Pant and ordered a copper inscription in 1581. Purushottam Pant became Jagirdar. The copper inscription describes the bravery, poise acts etc of Balo Kalyan Chandra and Rudra Chandra. In this copper inscription, there is praise for Purushottam Pant as knowledgeable, great minister who dishonored Doti king.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 25/10/2013

References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -172
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued....
Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued...
(Middle Himalayan, Indian Medieval Age History (740-1790 AD to be continued...)
Xx
Notes on History aspects of contemporary of King of Kumaon -Rudra Chandra a contemporary to Akbar ; History aspects of contemporary of King of Pithoragarh Kumaon -Rudra Chandra a contemporary to Akbar ; History aspects of contemporary of King of Bageshwar Kumaon -Rudra Chandra a contemporary to Akbar ; History aspects of contemporary of King of Dwarhat Kumaon -Rudra Chandra a contemporary to Akbar ; History aspects of contemporary of King of Almora Kumaon -Rudra Chandra a contemporary to Akbar ; History aspects of contemporary of King of Nainital Kumaon -Rudra Chandra a contemporary to Akbar ; History aspects of contemporary of King of Ranikhet Kumaon -Rudra Chandra a contemporary to Akbar ; History aspects of contemporary of King of Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon -Rudra Chandra a contemporary to Akbar ; History aspects of contemporary of King of Kumaon (North India) -Rudra Chandra a contemporary to Akbar ; History aspects of contemporary of King of Kumaon (Middle Himalaya -Rudra Chandra a contemporary to Akbar ; History of Kumaon, History of Uttarakhand

Bhishma Kukreti · October 25, 2013, 08:43:58 PM

Apprehension Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays

गढवाली लोक नाटकों में शंका भाव

Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional Plays part -22

Bhishma Kukreti

According to Bharat's Natyashastra, the apprehension sentiment is shown by repeated looks, hesitating eyes, dryness of mouth, lips, throat , licking the lips, changes in facial expression, loss of voice, trembling and like that.
Apprehension sentiment is originated in his/her mind because of an anxiety for others knowing his/her sinful works as theft and lake that.

गढवाली लोक नाटकों में शंका भाव
This author I watched a folk drama by Badis (professional class dedicated to dance, song and dramas) in his village Jaspur, Malla Dhangu, Pauri Garhwal around 1964-65. In a scene of that drama, an old woman was desperately trying from outside to listen the talks between her son and daughter in law inside the room. She was trying to listen but at the same time draughts were on her face and body that somebody might be able to catch her listen the talk inside hose between her son and daughter in law.
The performer was a female Badan and she showed her fear of somebody could see her , anxiety, doubt very well. A couple of women were whispering that Badan is copying her mother in law.
There are many examples in folk Jagar when the scene of apprehension sentiment comes as in Pandavas folklores or Ranbhut Jagar.

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com 25/10/2013
Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals and Traditional Plays part to be continued...

References
1-Bharat Natyam
2-Steve Tillis, 1999, Rethinking Folk Drama
3-Roger Abrahams, 1972, Folk Dramas in Folklore and Folklife
4-Tekla Domotor , Folk drama as defined in Folklore and Theatrical Research
5-Kathyrn Hansen, 1991, Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theater of North India
6-Devi Lal Samar, Lokdharmi Pradarshankari Kalayen
7-Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 1-12
8-Dr Shiva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Loknritya geet
9-Jeremy Montagu, 2007, Origins and Development of Musical Instruments
10-Gayle Kassing, 2007, History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach
11- Bhishma Kukreti, 2013, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhya Tatva va Charitra, Shailvani, Kotdwara
12- Bhishma Kukreti, 2007, Garhwali lok swangun ma rasa ar Bhav , Chithipatri
Xx

Notes on Apprehension Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Garhwal, South Asia; Apprehension Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Tehri Garhwal, South Asia; Apprehension Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Uttarkashi Garhwal, South Asia; Apprehension Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Chamoli Garhwal, South Asia; Apprehension Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Rudra Prayag Garhwal, South Asia; Apprehension Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Pauri Garhwal, South Asia; Apprehension Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Dehradun Garhwal, South Asia; Apprehension Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Haridwar Garhwal, South Asia; Apprehension Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Garhwal, Himalaya, South Asia; Apprehension Sentiment in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Garhwal, North India, South Asia;

गढवाली लोक नाटकों में शंका भाव; टिहरी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में शंका भाव;उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में शंका भाव;हरिद्वार गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में शंका भाव;देहरादून गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में शंका भाव;पौड़ी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में शंका भाव;चमोली गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में शंका भाव; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में शंका भाव;